Morbidity During the Early Interwar Period (1923-27): A Historical-Epidemiological Study of 15,146 Cases Treated at the "Agios Dimitrios" Hospital in Thessaloniki, Greece.

Background and objective The period spanning 1923-1927 was a turbulent period in Greek history following the catastrophic defeat of the Greek army in September 1922, known as the "Asia Minor Catastrophe". The massive settlement of refugees in Thessaloniki, Greece, entailed massive economic, public health, and social challenges. The present historical-epidemiological study aims to evaluate the diseases of individuals hospitalized at the "Agios Dimitrios" Hospital in Thessaloniki during the aforementioned period. Materials and methods This study involved 15,146 consecutive patients (January 1923-March 1927) treated at the hospital. Data were collected from the General Hospital of Thessaloniki "Agios Dimitrios" and were manually entered into a pre-coded database. Descriptive statistics were calculated. In addition, the case fatality rates (CFR) were calculated; the respective 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Results The most frequent causes for admission to the hospital were as follows: normal delivery/delivery without disclosed sequalae (n=1915, 12.7%), followed by tuberculosis (n=1514, 10.0%), malaria (n=1438, 9.5%), injuries/falls/fractures (n=1394, 9.2%), pneumonia/pleuritis (n=1010, 6.7%), appendicitis (n=623, 4.1%), dysentery/enterocolitis/typhoid (n=489, 3.2%), salpingitis/salpingo-oophoritis (n=358, 2.4%), soft tissue abscesses (n=309, 2.0%), hernias (n=295, 2.0%), rabies (n=239, 1.6%), metrorrhagia/menorrhagia (n=233, 1.5%), ocular cataract (n=225, 1.5%), postpartum infections/endometritis (n=181, 1.2%), uterine discomfort/uterine pain (n=162, 1.1%), nephritis/uremia (n=157, 1.0%), miscarriage (n=155, 1.0%), skin infections/inflammations excluding abscesses (n=152, 1.0%), otitis/mastoiditis/labyrinthitis (n=96, 0.6%), and peptic ulcer (n=93, 0.6%). Tuberculosis was particularly associated with high CFR (49.5%, 95% CI: 47.2-52.3%), followed by nephritis/uremia (CFR: 37.6%), dysentery/infectious enterocolitis/typhoid (CFR: 24.3%), peptic ulcer (CFR: 22.6%), pneumonia/pleuritis (CFR: 16.1%), postpartum infections/endometritis (CFR: 15.5%). Conclusions Infections predominated in the disease spectrum of the hospitalized population. The documented fatality rates were high; poor outcomes may reflect the socioeconomic adversities and limited medical means and resources available at that time.

Religiosity, Well-Being and 'Slowing Down' Ageing Damage: A Literature Review.

Telomere length (TL) represents an important marker of cellular aging. Its shortening affects human health and longevity by inducing senescence, apoptosis, and oncogenesis. Advanced ageing and negative behavioral and lifestyle factors decrease TL. The relationship between positive psycho-social factors and longer telomeres has given rise to a growing number of research efforts. Among these, religiosity poses a particular interest since it is associated with a wide range of favorable health outcomes. In this direction, recent literature reports, suggest a positive link between religiosity and TL. Underlying mechanisms for this association are not yet clarified. In this review, we would like to summarize the current knowledge on the link between religiosity and TL. Taking this opportunity, we recall findings from a cohort study in rural Crete, Greece that adds evidence on the discussion of potential psycho-social mediators which some may prevent shortening of TL.

Measuring the burden of herpes zoster and post herpetic neuralgia within primary care in rural Crete, Greece.

BACKGROUND: Research has indicated that general practitioners (GPs) have good clinical judgment in regards to diagnosing and managing herpes zoster (HZ) within clinical practice in a country with limited resources for primary care and general practice. The objective of the current study was to assess the burden of HZ and post herpetic neuralgia (PHN) within rural general practices in Crete, Greece. METHODS: The current study took place within a rural setting in Crete, Greece during the period of November 2007 to November 2009 within the catchment area in which the Cretan Rural Practice-based Research Network is operating. In total 19 GP's from 14 health care units in rural Crete were invited to participate, covering a total turnover patient population of approximately 25, 000 subjects. For the purpose of this study an electronic record database was constructed and used as the main tool for monitoring HZ and PHN incidence. Stress related data was also collected with the use of the Short Anxiety Screening Test (SAST). RESULTS: The crude incidence rate of HZ was 1.4/1000 patients/year throughout the entire network of health centers and satellite practices, while among satellite practices alone it was calculated at 1.3/1000 patients/year. Additionally, the standardised incidence density within satellite practices was calculated at 1.6/1000 patients/year. In regards to the stress associated with HZ and PHN, the latter were found to have lower levels of anxiety, as assessed through the SAST score (17.4 ± 3.9 vs. 21.1 ± 5.7; p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of an electronic surveillance system was feasible so as to measure the burden of HZ and PHN within the rural general practice setting in Crete.

Comparison between two different measures of self-rated health: a single-question measure and a visual analogue scale.

INTRODUCTION: Self-rated health (SRH) is a useful concept for research and health planning, and an important indicator of population health. AIM: The present study aims to evaluate the appropriateness of two different measures used to assess SRH, a single question with a five-response Likert-type scale and a visual analogue scale (VAS), by studying the correlation between the two measures and the factors influencing response rates according to respondent characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A population-based postal survey was carried out within the framework of a World Health Organisation (WHO) project, with a national sample of randomly selected geographically stratified individuals. The factors influencing SRH using each measure were determined. The comparison of the two measures was also studied with respect to response frequencies and differences in association with potential determinants (age, sex, income, education). Answering to each measure depending upon answering to the other measure was also tested. RESULTS: The maximum correlation between the two measures was p = -0.78 (p < 0.001). Age, sex, income and education had an effect on SRH as measured using both measures. More people replies to the single question measure irrespective of any particular socio-economic characteristic. Generally, those completing the VAS were women of higher income. CONCLUSIONS: The two measures are moderately correlated, the structure of the questionnaire and sequence of questions seems to affect correlation, and the single question yields higher response rate than VAS does. Still, other factors may also play a significant explanatory role in SRH among the Greek population and in relation to which measure is used.

Studying the association between musculoskeletal disorders, quality of life and mental health. A primary care pilot study in rural Crete, Greece.

BACKGROUND: The burden of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) on the general health and well-being of the population has been documented in various studies. The objective of this study was to explore the association between MSD and the quality of life and mental health of patients and to discuss issues concerning care seeking patterns in rural Greece. METHODS: Patients registered at one rural Primary Care Centre (PCC) in Crete were invited to complete the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms, together with validated instruments for measuring health related quality of life (SF-36) and mental distress (GHQ-28). RESULTS: The prevalence rate of MSD was found to be 71.2%, with low back and knee pain being the most common symptoms. Most conditions significantly impaired the quality of life, especially the physical dimensions of SF-36. Depression was strongly correlated to most MSD (p < 0.001). Multiple logistic analyses revealed that patients who consulted the PCC due to MSD were likely to have more mental distress or impaired physical functioning compared to those who did not. CONCLUSION: Musculoskeletal disorders were common in patients attending the rural PCC of this study and were associated with a poor quality of life and mental distress that affected their consultation behaviour.

A two cases clinical report of mandragora poisoning in primary care in Crete, Greece: two case report.

INTRODUCTION: People in Greece, especially those living in rural areas, frequently consume various plants and herbs as a vegetable meal or as a herbal remedy, which can lead to a number of adverse reactions. These two case reports resulted in a prolonged hospitalisation due to severe and persistent supraventricular tachycardia caused by a vegetable meal. CASES PRESENTATION: These case reports describe two cases of accidentally use of Mandragora Officinarum identified within the same Greek family, which resulted in hospitalisation. A 47-year-old Greek Caucasian woman and a 48-year-old Greek Caucasian male presented to the local primary care centre with nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, headache and dryness of mouth. Due to serious supraventricular tachycardia, the two patients were hospitalised in the intensive care unit of a nearby hospital for a week. CONCLUSION: These case reports highlight the importance of ensuring that primary care physicians are aware of the possible effects of mandragora use, for cases when they are involved in the treatment of patients presenting with similar symptoms as those discussed below.

Translation of the Neck Disability Index and validation of the Greek version in a sample of neck pain patients.

BACKGROUND: Neck pain is a highly prevalent condition resulting in major disability. Standard scales for measuring disability in patients with neck pain have a pivotal role in research and clinical settings. The Neck Disability Index (NDI) is a valid and reliable tool, designed to measure disability in activities of daily living due to neck pain. The purpose of our study was the translation and validation of the NDI in a Greek primary care population with neck complaints. METHODS: The original version of the questionnaire was used. Based on international standards, the translation strategy comprised forward translations, reconciliation, backward translation and pre-testing steps. The validation procedure concerned the exploration of internal consistency (Cronbach alpha), test-retest reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, Bland and Altman method), construct validity (exploratory factor analysis) and responsiveness (Spearman correlation coefficient, Standard Error of Measurement and Minimal Detectable Change) of the questionnaire. Data quality was also assessed through completeness of data and floor/ceiling effects. RESULTS: The translation procedure resulted in the Greek modified version of the NDI. The latter was culturally adapted through the pre-testing phase. The validation procedure raised a large amount of missing data due to low applicability, which were assessed with two methods. Floor or ceiling effects were not observed. Cronbach alpha was calculated as 0.85, which was interpreted as good internal consistency. Intraclass correlation coefficient was found to be 0.93 (95% CI 0.84-0.97), which was considered as very good test-retest reliability. Factor analysis yielded one factor with Eigenvalue 4.48 explaining 44.77% of variance. The Spearman correlation coefficient (0.3; P = 0.02) revealed some relation between the change score in the NDI and Global Rating of Change (GROC). The SEM and MDC were calculated as 0.64 and 1.78 respectively. CONCLUSION: The Greek version of the NDI measures disability in patients with neck pain in a reliable, valid and responsive manner. It is considered a useful tool for research and clinical settings in Greek Primary Health Care.

Risk factors for ischaemic heart disease in a Cretan rural population: a twelve year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Crete has been of great epidemiological interest ever since the publication of the Seven Countries Study. In 1988 a well-defined area of rural Crete was studied, with only scarce signs of coronary heart disease (CHD) despite the unfavorable risk profile. The same population was re-examined twelve years later aiming to describe the trends of CHD risk factors over time and discuss some key points on the natural course of coronary heart disease in a rural population of Crete. METHODS AND RESULTS: We re-examined 200 subjects (80.7% of those still living in the area, 62.4 +/- 17.0 years old). The prevalence of risk factors for CHD was high with 65.9% of men and 65.1% of women being hypertensive, 14.3% of men and 16.5% of women being diabetic, 44% of men being active smokers and more than 40% of both sexes having hyperlipidaemia. Accordingly, 77.5% of the population had a calculated Framingham Risk Score (FRS) > or = 15%, significantly higher compared to baseline (p < 0.001). The overall occurrence rate for CHD events was calculated at 7.1 per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval: 6.8-7.3). CONCLUSION: The study confirms the unfavorable risk factor profile of a well defined rural population in Crete. Its actual effect on the observed incidence of coronary events in Cretans remains yet to be defined.

Overweight and obesity in Greek warship personnel: prevalence and correlations.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of obesity among the personnel of a Greek warship and to highlight the potential relationship of the body-mass index (BMI). METHODS: Data on behavioural and demographic characteristics, among 274 men of a Greek warship, aged between 19 and 38 years, were analysed. RESULTS: 26.5% of participants were overweight and 4.7% obese. BMI was correlated with age, and cigarette pack-years, and inverse correlated with the aerobic exercise. No significant associations were found between BMI and alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION: A relatively high proportion of obesity was found in a Greek military population. Intervention and prevention measures should be targeted at the promotion of physical activity and the reduction of the smoking behaviour of personnel.

Smoking behavior of Greek warship personnel.

The results from a study undertaken to assess the smoking behavior of Greek warship personnel found that of the 274 participants, ages 19 to 38 years, 59.5% were current smokers who started the habit between the ages of 15 and 21 years. However, 33.1% of these current smokers started smoking after entering the Greek Navy. There were statistically significant associations between the habit of smoking and the occurrences of respiratory tract infections, alcohol consumption, lack of aerobic exercise during leisure time, and educational level of the personnel. Another significant association was between the age of introduction into the habit of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked daily, with the level of education being a contributing factor. The method of entry into the Greek Navy and the rank held made a significant contribution to the time period of initiation into the habit of smoking. The impact of military life on the smoking behavior of the shipboard personnel is discussed and suitable intervention strategies have been recommended.

Mental distress and sociodemographic variables: a study of Greek warship personnel.

BACKGROUND: Mental disorders have been found to be the main cause of maladjustment and early discharge of the personnel in the Hellenic Navy and the armed forces in general. This study investigates the mental health status of a warship's military personnel by use of a widely used self-administered scale. METHODS: The 28-item Greek version of the General Health Questionnaire was administered to 281 men aboard a Greek warship to determine their mental health status and to examine possible associations with sociodemographic variables (rank, educational level, marital status). RESULTS: A high prevalence of General Health questionnaire cases (48.8%) was found which indicated conscripts as the group with the greater tendency for problems of adjustment and performance among the personnel of the warship. A negative association was found between educational level and psychological distress, whereas married subjects were found to have better levels of psychological well-being as defined by lower General Health questionnaire scores, compared with unmarried subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Although a further methodological and more sophisticated inquiry is necessary, the findings of the present study could be useful for the design of mental health interventions in the naval and the military setting.