[Vaginal delivery and perineal trauma : it's time to repair]. / Accouchement par voie basse et traumatisme périnéal : quand vient le temps de la reconstruction.

Perineal injuries can occur during vaginal delivery and they are harmful to anal function, sexuality, and overall quality of life of patients. Among the feared complications, anal incontinence, often difficult to address for both patients and caregivers, has a significant impact and must be looked for during the medical history. Clinical examination of the perineum and additional tests such as endoanal ultrasound and anorectal manometry confirm the diagnosis and guide the management. Treatment often relies on multiple modalities and depends on the interval between obstetric trauma and symptom onset. When indicated, perineal reconstruction surgery restores anatomy and function.

Des lésions périnéales peuvent survenir lors d'un accouchement par voie basse et avoir des conséquences néfastes sur la fonction anale, la sexualité et la qualité de vie globale des patientes. Parmi les complications redoutées, l'incontinence anale, souvent difficile à aborder pour les patientes et les soignants, a un retentissement important et doit être recherchée lors de l'anamnèse. L'examen clinique du périnée et les examens complémentaires tels que l'échographie endoanale et la manométrie anorectale permettent de confirmer le diagnostic et d'orienter la prise en charge. Le traitement repose souvent sur plusieurs modalités et dépend du délai entre le traumatisme obstétrical et la survenue des symptômes. Lorsqu'elle est indiquée, la chirurgie de reconstruction du périnée permet de restaurer l'anatomie et de rétablir la fonction.

Robotic versus laparoscopic right hemicolectomy: a systematic review of the evidence.

Robotics may facilitate the realization of fully minimally invasive right hemicolectomy, including intra-corporeal anastomosis and off-midline extraction, when compared to laparoscopy. Our aim was to compare laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with robotic right hemicolectomy in terms of peri-operative outcomes. MEDLINE was searched for original studies comparing laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with robotic right hemicolectomy in terms of peri-operative outcomes. The systematic review complied with the PRISMA 2020 recommendations. Variables related to patients' demographics, surgical procedures, post-operative recovery and pathological outcomes were collected and qualitatively assessed. Two-hundred and ninety-three publications were screened, 277 were excluded and 16 were retained for qualitative analysis. The majority of included studies were observational and of limited sample size. When the type of anastomosis was left at surgeon's discretion, intra-corporeal anastomosis was favoured in robotic right hemicolectomy (4/4 studies). When compared to laparoscopy, robotics allowed harvesting more lymph nodes (4/15 studies), a lower conversion rate to open surgery (5/14 studies), a shorter time to faeces (2/3 studies) and a shorter length of stay (5/14 studies), at the cost of a longer operative time (13/14 studies). Systematic review of existing studies, which are mostly non-randomized, suggests that robotic surgery may facilitate fully minimally invasive right hemicolectomy, including intra-corporeal anastomosis, and offer improved post-operative recovery.

Score prediction of anastomotic leak in colorectal surgery: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Predicting the risk of anastomotic leak (AL) is of importance when defining the optimal surgical strategy in colorectal surgery. Our objective was to perform a systematic review of existing scores in the field. METHODS: We followed the PRISMA checklist (S1 Checklist). Medline, Cochrane Central and Embase were searched for observational studies reporting on scores predicting AL after the creation of a colorectal anastomosis. Studies reporting only validation of existing scores and/or scores based on post-operative variables were excluded. PRISMA 2020 recommendations were followed. Qualitative analysis was performed. RESULTS: Eight hundred articles were identified. Seven hundred and ninety-one articles were excluded after title/abstract and full-text screening, leaving nine studies for analysis. Scores notably included the Colon Leakage Score, the modified Colon Leakage Score, the REAL score, www.anastomoticleak.com and the PROCOLE score. Four studies (44.4%) included more than 1.000 patients and one extracted data from existing studies (meta-analysis of risk factors). Scores included the following pre-operative variables: age (44.4%), sex (77.8%), ASA score (66.6%), BMI (33.3%), diabetes (22.2%), respiratory comorbidity (22.2%), cardiovascular comorbidity (11.1%), liver comorbidity (11.1%), weight loss (11.1%), smoking (33.3%), alcohol consumption (33.3%), steroid consumption (33.3%), neo-adjuvant treatment (44.9%), anticoagulation (11.1%), hematocrit concentration (22.2%), total proteins concentration (11.1%), white blood cell count (11.1%), albumin concentration (11.1%), distance from the anal verge (77.8%), number of hospital beds (11.1%), pre-operative bowel preparation (11.1%) and indication for surgery (11.1%). Scores included the following peri-operative variables: emergency surgery (22.2%), surgical approach (22.2%), duration of surgery (66.6%), blood loss/transfusion (55.6%), additional procedure (33.3%), operative complication (22.2%), wound contamination class (1.11%), mechanical anastomosis (1.11%) and experience of the surgeon (11.1%). Five studies (55.6%) reported the area under the curve (AUC) of the scores, and four (44.4%) included a validation set. CONCLUSION: Existing scores are heterogeneous in the identification of pre-operative variables allowing predicting AL. A majority of scores was established from small cohorts of patients which, considering the low incidence of AL, might lead to miss potential predictors of AL. AUC is seldom reported. We recommend that new scores to predict the risk of AL in colorectal surgery to be based on large cohorts of patients, to include a validation set and to report the AUC.

Correction: Balaphas et al. Cell Therapy for Anal Sphincter Incontinence: Where Do We Stand? Cells 2021, 10, 2086.

The authors would like to add a new reference to the section "3 [...].

Peptic ulcer disease complicated with choledocho-duodenal fistula and gastro-intestinal bleeding: a case report and review of the literature.

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a very common condition, with an annual incidence ranging from 0.1% to 0.3% and a lifetime prevalence ranging from 5% to 10%. If not treated, it can lead to severe complications such as gastro-intestinal bleeding, perforation, or entero-biliary fistula. Entero-biliary fistulas and especially choledocho-duodenal fistula (CDF) are a rare, but relevant and important diagnosis, which can lead to several complications such as gastric outlet obstruction, bleeding, perforation, or recurrent cholangitis. In this article, we present the case of an 85-year-old woman with PUD complicated with gastro-intestinal bleeding and a CDF. We also performed a review of the literature to search for pre-existing cases with this atypical clinical presentation. The aim was to raise awareness among surgeons and clinicians by offering a summary of different types of entero-biliary and especially CDF, existing diagnostic investigations, and management.

[Recent advances in fecal incontinence treatment]. / Évolution de la prise en charge de l'incontinence anale.

RECENT ADVANCES IN FECAL INCONTINENCE TREATMENT. Anal incontinence is a chronic condition that affects nearly 10% of the general population. When anal leakage concerns the stool and is frequent, the impact on the quality of life is very important. Recent advances in non-invasive medical treatments and in operative approaches make it possible to provide for most patients an anorectal comfort compatible with a social life. The three main challenges for the future lie in the organization of screening for this condition which is still taboo and for which patients do not easily confide, in a better selection of patients to offer the most suitable treatments, and therefore a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms; and finally in the establishment of algorithms which prioritize treatments according to their side effects and their effectiveness.

ÉVOLUTION DE LA PRISE EN CHARGE DE L'INCONTINENCE ANALE. L'incontinence anale est une affection chronique qui touche près de 10 % de la population générale. Lorsque les fuites anales concernent les selles et qu'elles sont fréquentes, le retentissement sur la qualité de vie est très important. Les progrès récents dans les traitements médicaux non invasifs et dans les approches opératoires permettent de rendre à une majorité de patients un confort ano-rectal compatible avec une vie sociale. Trois principaux défis se dessinent pour l'avenir : organiser un dépistage de cette affection encore taboue pour laquelle les patients ne se confient pas facilement, améliorer la sélection des patients pour proposer des traitements les plus adaptés et donc améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques ; enfin établir des algorithmes de prise en charge hiérarchisant les traitements selon leurs effets indésirables et leur efficacité.

Implementation and validation of a competency assessment tool for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Achieving proficiency in a surgical procedure is a milestone in the career of a trainee. We introduced a competency assessment tool for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in our residency program. Our aim was to assess the inter-rater reliability of this tool. METHODS: We included all laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed by residents under the supervision of board certified surgeons. All residents were assessed at the end of the procedure by the supervising surgeon (live reviewer) using our competency assessment tool. Video records of the same procedure were analyzed by two independent reviewers (reviewer A and B), who were blinded to the performing trainee's. The assessment had three parts: a laparoscopic cholecystectomy-specific assessment tool (LCAT), the objective structured assessment of technical skills (OSATS) and a 5-item visual analogue scale (VAS) to address the surgeon's autonomy in each part of the cholecystectomy. We compared the assessment scores of the live supervising surgeon and the video reviewers. RESULTS: We included 15 junior residents who performed 42 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Scoring results from live and video reviewer were comparable except for the OSATS and VAS part. The score for OSATS by the live reviewer and reviewer B were 3.68 vs. 4.26 respectively (p = 0.04) and for VAS (5.17 vs. 4.63 respectively (p = 0.03). The same difference was found between reviewers A and B with OSATS score (3.75 vs. 4.26 respectively (p = 0.001)) and VAS (5.56 vs. 4.63 respectively; p = 0.004)). CONCLUSION: Our competency assessment tool for the evaluation of surgical skills specific to laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been shown to be objective and comparable in-between raters during live procedure or on video material.

[Hemorrhoidal disease in 2022 : how to select the most appropriate treatment ?] / Maladie hémorroïdaire en 2022 : comment choisir le traitement adapté ?

Hemorrhoidal disease is frequent and can lead to major alteration of quality of life. Conservative treatment, instrumental therapies and surgical approach play a complementary role in the management of hemorrhoidal disease. Understanding all techniques is mandatory to guide the patient and offer the best individualized treatment. Guidelines issued by scientific societies can facilitate the therapeutic decision.

La maladie hémorroïdaire est fréquente et ses répercussions sur la qualité de vie peuvent être majeures. Traitement conservateur, procédés non chirurgicaux et interventions chirurgicales jouent un rôle complémentaire dans le traitement d'une maladie hémorroïdaire symptomatique. Pour guider le patient et lui offrir la prise en charge la plus adaptée à sa situation, une connaissance des différents traitements est indispensable. Les recommandations des sociétés savantes, basées sur des avis d'experts, peuvent faciliter la décision thérapeutique.

Patients' related sexual outcomes in colorectal surgery.

Background: Patients undergoing colorectal surgery (CRS) have an increased risk of developing sexual disorders, attributed to different mechanisms. In this context, sexual function (SF) assessment of patients before and after surgery is essential: to identify risk factors for sexual disorders as well as to minimize their impact on overall quality of life (QoL), allowing them a satisfying relationship and sexual life. Material and methods: Patients over 18 years of age who underwent a CRS in the University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland, between June 2014 and February 2016 were included. Our main objective was to compare and analyze the evolution of SF, QoL, and marital satisfaction (MS) before and after CRS. Specific and standardized tests were used. Results: A cohort of 72 patients with a median age of 58.73 was analyzed. The majority of CRS was elective (91.5%). A percentage of 52.8% of patients underwent surgery for oncological reasons. There was no statistical difference in SF, sexual QoL, and MS before and after elective or emergency CRS for men. Interestingly, a significant decrease in women's SF (FSFI) as well as their satisfaction within their couple (Locke-Wallace) until 12 months after surgery was found (p = 0.021). However, they showed a steady SF (GRISS) within their couple until 12 months after surgery. Conclusion: Regarding knowledge about difficulties to talk about this intimate topic and gender differences, this general overview raises the question of the necessity to introduce in a long-course follow-up different methods of sexual health assessment with specific stakeholders.

Role of near-infrared fluorescence in colorectal surgery.

Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) is a technique of augmented reality that, when applied in the operating theatre, allows the colorectal surgeon to visualize and assess bowel vascularization, to identify lymph nodes draining a cancer site and to identify ureters. Herein, we review the literature regarding NIRF in colorectal surgery.

Cell Therapy for Anal Sphincter Incontinence: Where Do We Stand?

Anal sphincter incontinence is a chronic disease, which dramatically impairs quality of life and induces high costs for the society. Surgery, considered as the best curative option, shows a disappointing success rate. Stem/progenitor cell therapy is pledging, for anal sphincter incontinence, a substitute to surgery with higher efficacy. However, the published literature is disparate. Our aim was to perform a review on the development of cell therapy for anal sphincter incontinence with critical analyses of its pitfalls. Animal models for anal sphincter incontinence were varied and tried to reproduce distinct clinical situations (acute injury or healed injury with or without surgical reconstruction) but were limited by anatomical considerations. Cell preparations used for treatment, originated, in order of frequency, from skeletal muscle, bone marrow or fat tissue. The characterization of these preparations was often incomplete and stemness not always addressed. Despite a lack of understanding of sphincter healing processes and the exact mechanism of action of cell preparations, this treatment was evaluated in 83 incontinent patients, reporting encouraging results. However, further development is necessary to establish the correct indications, to determine the most-suited cell type, to standardize the cell preparation method and to validate the route and number of cell delivery.

Sacro-coxxygial hygiene, a key factor in the outcome of pilonidal sinus surgical treatment?

BACKGROUND: Surgical wound infection contributes to prolonged recovery time after pilonidal sinus excision. As a standard procedure after surgery, we recommend our patients to perform water irrigations in the intergluteal cleft 4 to 6 times a day during the post-operative period. Our hypothesis is that this should reduce healing time and complication rates. The aim of this study was to measure the importance of sacro coccygeal hygiene in the management of pilonidal sinus disease. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data after surgical management of pilonidal sinus (sinusectomy procedures) in our division over a 10-year period. Patients were divided into three groups according to their local hygiene during postoperative follow-up and scored one (G1: good hygiene) to three (G3: poor hygiene). Primary outcome was complication rates. Secondary endpoints were, healing time, follow-up, time off work, and recurrence rate. RESULTS: In G1 (N = 112), complication rate was 3.6%. In G2 (N = 109), it was 5.5%, whereas in G3 (N = 71), it reached 7.03%. However, there were no statistically significant differences between hygiene groups regarding complication rates in both univariate and multivariable analysis. Regarding secondary outcomes, there were significant differences between hygiene groups concerning median follow-up (p = 0.0001) and median time off work (p = 0.0127). CONCLUSION: Good hygiene of wound is essential for optimal, rapid healing without complications. The importance of this report is to show that thanks to our hygiene follow-up strategy with frequent perineal irrigations and regular follow-up checks, patients with at a first glance "unclean local conditions", reached similar complications, median healing time and recurrences rates to patients with medium and good wound hygiene level.

Non-excisional laser therapies for hemorrhoidal disease: a systematic review of the literature.

Non-excisional laser therapies are emerging treatment for grades II and III hemorrhoidal disease (HD). However, so far, their efficiency is based on low-level evidence. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the efficiency of non-excisional laser therapies for HD. MEDLINE/Pubmed, Web of science, Embase, and Cochrane were searched from database implementation until the April 17th, 2020. We included studies reporting at least one of surgical indicators of postoperative outcomes of laser therapies, encompassing laser hemorrhoidoplasty (LH) and hemorrhoidal laser procedure (HeLP). Fourteen studies describing LH and HeLP were included, representing 1570 patients. The main intraoperative complication was bleeding (0-1.9% of pooled patients for LH, 5.5-16.7% of pooled patients for HeLP). Postoperative complications occurred in up to 64% of patients after LH and 23.3% after HeLP. Resolution of symptoms ranged between 70 and 100% after LH and between 83.6 and 90% after HeLP. Moreover, four randomized controlled trials included in our review reported similar resolution after LH compared with hemorrhoidectomy or mucopexy and after HeLP compared with rubber band ligation. Recurrence rate was reported to range between 0 and 11.3% after LH and between 5 and 9.4% after HeLP. When compared with hemorrhoidectomy, LH showed conflicting results with one randomized controlled trial reporting similar recurrence rate, but another reporting decreased recurrences associated with hemorrhoidectomy. Laser therapies showed lower postoperative pain than hemorrhoidectomy or rubber band ligation. LH and HeLP are safe and effective techniques for the treatment of grades II and III HD.

Comment on: Should a colonoscopy be offered routinely to patients with CT proven acute diverticulitis? A retrospective cohort study and meta-analysis of best available evidence.

Latest evidence indicates that patients with acute diverticulitis have higher prevalence of colorectal cancer than reference patients. Therefore, colonoscopy should be offered after an episode of acute diverticulitis.

Scoring systems as outcomes assessment of the treatments for haemorrhoidal disease: a systematic review of the literature.

PURPOSE: The comparison between haemorrhoidal treatments is still unclear. Attempts have been made to adopt a unifying postoperative scoring system and thus ensure adequate comparison between clinical trials. We aimed to systematically review the available outcome scores of haemorrhoidal treatment. METHODS: MEDLINE/Pubmed, Web of science, Embase and Cochrane were searched from database implementation until the December 6th 2019. All studies describing or referencing a score to assess haemorrhoidal disease treatment were included. Likert scale alone, incontinence score alone, general assessment of quality of life or scores developed for other proctologic disorders were excluded. The main outcome measures were validation of the scores and correlation of the score items to the core outcome set for haemorrhoidal disease developed by the European Society of Coloproctology. RESULTS: From the 633 records initially screened, 22 studies were included: 8 original articles describing a scoring system and 14 referencing a previously described scoring system. Only 1 score was validated by an external prospective cohort. All the scores evaluated the symptoms of haemorrhoidal disease. No score integrated the disease recurrences or patient's satisfaction. Scores values tended to decrease postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The scores described by Gerjy et al. and by Shanmugan et al. are available questionnaires, which have been validated and used in various studies. These scores might help researchers for comparative studies between treatment modalities and optimize haemorrhoids treatment.

Comparison of Outcomes between Obese and Non-Obese Patients in a Colorectal Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Program: A Single-Center Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Obese patients are considered at increased risk of postoperative adverse events after colorectal surgery. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to compare postoperative outcomes between obese and non-obese patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery in an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) program. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort including patients who underwent elective colorectal surgery and were included in an ERAS protocol between February 2014 and December 2017 at Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland, was performed. Postoperative outcomes of obese and non-obese patients were compared. RESULTS: Data of 460 patients were analyzed, including 374 (81%) non-obese and 86 (19%) obese patients. Overall, there was no difference in postoperative outcomes between the 2 groups. Among patients undergoing oncologic surgery, obese subjects had a significantly higher rate of conversion to laparotomy (11.9 vs. 2.1%, p = 0.01) and longer time until return of bowel function (2.38 vs. 1.98 days, p = 0.03), without increased morbidity or longer length of stay. CONCLUSION: Obese and non-obese patients had similar postoperative outcomes after elective colorectal surgery with ERAS management. ERAS can potentially reduce the increased morbidity usually observed in obese patients following elective colorectal surgery.