ABSTRACT
We analysed 251 early spring and winter storage honey samples, individually collected from the apiaries of 9 districts of Malopolska province in South Poland and revealed that 51 of these specimens were contaminated with different levels of P. larvae larvae spores Among these samples 8.8% were classified as a category I contamination and 11.5% as a category II--reperesenting 22 (43.1%) and 29 (56.9%) of the total positives, respectively. We conclude from these analyses that: (1)--the total number of new outbreaks of AFB in Poland are most likely to be higher than previously reported, (2)--the quantitative examination of samples of winter stored or early spring honeys for the presence of P. larvae, larvae spores can improve the detection rate of AFB outbreaks, (3)--the high percentage of apiaries that were found to be free of P. larvae larvae (80%) may facilitate the implementation of an AFB eradication programme on a large scale in Poland.
Subject(s)
Bacillaceae/isolation & purification , Bees/microbiology , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/veterinary , Honey/microbiology , Animals , Bacillaceae/classification , Bacillaceae/genetics , DNA, Bacterial/analysis , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/prevention & control , Poland/epidemiology , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , SeasonsABSTRACT
This review presents different aspects of Varroa destructor resistance to most commonly used contact acaricides. It is concerned with (1)--genetic background of the mechanism of this resistance, (2)--phenomenon of cross-resistance, (3) spread of discussed resistance throughout Europe and North America, (4)--methods of combating varroa resistance. The authors conclude that a rapid and sensitive DNA based test, enabling early detection of varroa resistance to pyrethroids and other contact acaricides is urgently needed.
