ABSTRACT
Esta investigación examinó los estilos de aprendizaje de alumnos secundarios y universitarios para describir las características cognitivas, afectivas y fisiológicas que emplean para aprender. Se efectuó un análisis integral de los estilos de aprendizaje que incluyó estilos de preferencia de la modalidad instruccional, estilos de procesamiento de la información y estilos cognitivos de la personalidad. Se aplicó la Escala Grasha-Riechmann de estilos de aprendizaje para estudiantes, el inventario de procesos de aprendizaje y la lista de verificación del tipo de indicador de estilos de aprendizaje. Participaron 942 estudiantes de Buenos Aires, de los niveles secundario (n = 352) y universitario (n = 590) de distintas ramas de estudio (20.5 % Ciencias Aplicadas, 18.2 % Ciencias Básicas, 13.7 % Ciencias de la Salud, 30.8 % Ciencias Humanas, 16.8 % Ciencias Sociales). Se observaron diferencias significativas en el estilo competitivo a favor de los estudiantes de se-cundaria, mientras que la mayoría de los estilos fueron avorables a los universitarios. Además, los universitarios avanzados mostraron mayor uso de los métodos de estudio que los alumnos de secundaria. Se registró un efecto significativo y positivo de todos los estilos de aprendizaje sobre el rendimiento académico. Es-tos hallazgos dan cuenta, por un lado, de diferencias notables entre los estudiantes de nivel secundario y universitario, y por otro, de la relevancia de los estilos con relación al rendimiento académico. Se espera que esta información sea utilizada para mejorar el ajuste de los estudiantes ingresantes al sistema universitario evitando así el fracaso y la deserción académica.
The study examines learning styles in high school and college students to describe their cognitive, affective, and physiological features they apply in learning. Thus, instructional preference, information processing, and cognitive personality styles were analyzed. The Grasha Riechmann Student Learning Styles Scale, the Inventory of Learning Processes, and the Learning Style Type Indicator were employed. The sample was composed of 942 high-school (n = 352) and college students (n = 590) attending different majors (20.5 % Applied Sciences, 18.2 % Basic Sciences, 13.7 % Health Sciences, 30.8 % Human Scienc-es, 16.8 % Social Sciences). All of them attended classes in Buenos Aires. Significant differences in the competi-tive style were observed in favor of high school students, whereas most styles were in favorable for undergraduates. Advanced college students showed a higher use of study methods compared to high school students. A significant and positive effect of all learning styles on academic achieve-ment was verified. Such findings evidence remarkable dif-ferences between high school students and undergraduates. They also highlight the importance of learning styles in academic achievement. These results should be used to im-prove the adaptation and adjustment of first-year students, contributing to avoiding academic failure and dropout.
Os estilos de aprendizagem de alunos do ensino médio e universitário são examinados para descrever as características cognitivas, afetivas e fisiológicas que eles usam para aprender. Foi realizada uma análise abrangente dos estilos de aprendizagem, que incluiu estilos de preferên-cia de modalidade instrucional, estilos de processamento de informações e estilos cognitivos de personalidade. Aplicou-se a Escala Grasha-Riechmann de Estilos de Aprendizagem para Estudantes, o Inventário de Proces-sos de Aprendizagem e a Lista de Verificação do Tipo de Indicador de Estilos de Aprendizagem. Participaram 942 estudantes de Buenos Aires nos níveis médio (n = 352) e universitário (n = 590) de diferentes áreas de estudo (20.5 % Ciências Aplicadas, 18.2 % Ciências Básicas, 13.7 % Ciências da Saúde, 30.8 % Ciências Humanas, 16.8 % Ciências Sociais). Diferenças significativas foram observadas no estilo competitivo em favor dos alunos do ensino médio, enquanto a maioria dos estilos foi favorável aos universitários. Além disso, os univer-sitários mais avançados apresentaram maior emprego dos métodos de estudo do que os estudantes do ensino médio. Finalmente, foi registrado um efeito significativo e positivo de todos os estilos de aprendizagem no desempenho acadêmico. Esses achados mostram, por um lado, diferenças notáveis entre alunos do ensino médio e universitário e, por outro, a relevância dos estilos em relação ao desempenho acadêmico. Espera-se que essas informações possam ser utilizadas para melhorar o ajusta-mento dos alunos que ingressam no ensino universitário, evitando assim a reprovação e a deserção acadêmica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Research , Schools , Teaching , Adaptation, Psychological , Academic Success , LearningABSTRACT
Recent research suggests that gratitude is associated with better cardiovascular health. Here, we investigated whether trait and/or state gratitude was associated with cardiovascular responses to acute stress. Eighty-six young adults completed measures of gratitude and had their cardiovascular responses monitored throughout a standardized stress testing protocol. Trait gratitude was not associated with cardiovascular reactivity, i.e. systolic or diastolic (SBP, DBP) or heart rate (HR). However, while state gratitude was not associated with HR or DBP reactivity, it was negatively associated with SBP reactivity, such that those who reported higher state gratitude during the past week displayed lower SBP to the stressor. Moreover, this association was robust to withstand adjustment for several potential founds, such as sex, depression and body mass index. These findings are novel and highlight that gratitude, in particular state gratitude, is one potential mechanism underlying the protective benefits of gratitude on cardiovascular health.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular System , Stress, Psychological , Blood Pressure , Heart Rate , Humans , Young AdultABSTRACT
The paper introduces an analysis of the dimensional maladaptive personality traits model stated in the section III of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), conducted on a community sample composed of 906 adults from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Data were gathered using a socio-demographic survey as well as the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), the Big Five Inventory (BFI), the Symptom Check List 90-R (SCL-90-R), and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). A joint exploratory factor analysis was carried out including the PID-5's 25 facets along with BFI's 5 factors as input variables. Findings showed a 5-factor structure mostly coincident with DSM-5's hypotheses as well as with previous research. Besides, correlations calculated between PID-5 and BFI scores behaved according to theoretical hypotheses. By means of a two-stage cluster analysis which used WHODAS 2.0 score and the Global Severity Index index from SCL-90-R as segmentation criteria, two groups were differentiated: The High-Adaptation/Low-Symptomatology group vs the Low- Adaptation/High-Symptomatology one. The second group obtained significantly higher means in the five domains, and in 24 of the 25 facets of PID-5.
ABSTRACT
This psychometric analysis of the Argentinean version of the Personality Assessment Inventory employed a convenience sample of 998 non-clinical adults from Buenos Aires, Argentina, stratified by sex and age (50% men; M age = 40.4 yr., SD = 16.8; 50% women; M age = 40.7 yr., SD = 17.4; 69% were employed). For a criterion validity study, a second sample of 394 students at the University of Buenos Aires was selected (47% men; M age = 24 yr., SD = 3.7; 53% women; M age = 23.6 yr., SD = 3.4). Cronbach's αs ranged from .60 to .86, indicating adequate internal consistency. Following American, German, and Spanish studies, a first analysis on the 22 scales obtained a five-factor solution (65.3% of total variance), and a second analysis on 11 clinical scales isolated a two-factor solution (69.3% of total variance). Correlations with the Symptom Checklist-90-R provided support for criterion validity. Most of the scales and subscales showed sex differences and differences between American and Argentinean samples. Future research must add other psychometric indicators.
Subject(s)
Personality Disorders/diagnosis , Personality Disorders/psychology , Personality Inventory/standards , Adult , Argentina , Female , Humans , Male , Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , Surveys and Questionnaires/standards , TranslatingABSTRACT
The Academic Motivation Scale (AMS), supported in Self-Determination Theory, has been applied in recent decades as well in high school as in college education. Although several versions in Spanish are available, the underlying linguistic and cultural differences raise important issues when they are applied to Latin-American population. Consequently an adapted version of the AMS was developed, and its construct validity was analyzed in Argentine students. Results obtained on a sample that included 723 students from Buenos Aires (393 high school and 330 college students) verified adequate psychometric properties in this new version, solving some controversies regarded to its dimensionality.
ABSTRACT
Se presentan avances parciales de un estudio descriptivo realizado con 214 adolescentes escolarizados de 15 y 16 años, residentes en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, evaluados mediante una escala autoadministrable sobre Percepción de Control y Estilos e Inconsistencia Parentales, basada en la Controlling and inconsistent parenting scale. Se verificó un grado considerable y significativo de consistencia en los niveles de Control/castigo/aceptación/perdón impartidos (r=.655**), así como en la consistencia o estabilidad temporal de tales comportamientos (r=.785**).entre los miembros de la pareja parental. Se halló, también, que el Control/castigo impartido por los padres varones resulta significativamente más elevado cuando los padres viven juntos, en tanto que cuando existe una separación o divorcio, es significativamente más bajo. El nivel educativo de ambos adultos introduce diferencias en el grado de consistencia o estabilidad temporal de las reacciones independientes, de cada uno, ante comportamientos indeseados de los hijos, y estas diferencias se dan en el mismo sentido para ambos padres: el grupo con educación primaria incompleta y completa exhibe una inconsistencia significativamente mayor que el que ha alcanzado niveles educativos medios y terciarios o universitarios. También la consistencia resulta significativamente mayor, en cada progenitor, para los casos en que el estatus económico autopercibido por el adolescente es alto.(AU)
Partial results from a descriptive study performed on 214 adolescent students from the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina, are presented herein. They were assessed by means of a self-administrable questionnaire involving Perception about Parenting Styles and Parental Inconsistency, based on Controlling and Inconsistent parenting scale. Significant correlations in the levels of Acceptance/forgiveness/controlling/ punishment (r=.655**) amongst the individuals' parents, as well as with the temporal consistency of such behavior (r=.785**), were verified. Controlling/punishment carried out by fathers was significantly higher when both parents lived together, and significantly lower when they were separated or divorced. The educational level of the parents has an influence on the consistency of their reactions to the adolescents' undesirable behavior: consistency is significantly lower in parents with incomplete or complete elementary education compared with those who reached high school or college levels, where consistency is significantly higher. Where adolescents recognize they possess a higher economic status, the perception of consistency is significantly higher in each parent.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Family Relations , Perception , Family CharacteristicsABSTRACT
Se presentan avances parciales de un estudio descriptivo realizado con 214 adolescentes escolarizados de 15 y 16 años, residentes en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, evaluados mediante una escala autoadministrable sobre Percepción de Control y Estilos e Inconsistencia Parentales, basada en la Controlling and inconsistent parenting scale. Se verificó un grado considerable y significativo de consistencia en los niveles de Control/castigo/aceptación/perdón impartidos (r=.655**), así como en la consistencia o estabilidad temporal de tales comportamientos (r=.785**).entre los miembros de la pareja parental. Se halló, también, que el Control/castigo impartido por los padres varones resulta significativamente más elevado cuando los padres viven juntos, en tanto que cuando existe una separación o divorcio, es significativamente más bajo. El nivel educativo de ambos adultos introduce diferencias en el grado de consistencia o estabilidad temporal de las reacciones independientes, de cada uno, ante comportamientos indeseados de los hijos, y estas diferencias se dan en el mismo sentido para ambos padres: el grupo con educación primaria incompleta y completa exhibe una inconsistencia significativamente mayor que el que ha alcanzado niveles educativos medios y terciarios o universitarios. También la consistencia resulta significativamente mayor, en cada progenitor, para los casos en que el estatus económico autopercibido por el adolescente es alto.(AU)
Partial results from a descriptive study performed on 214 adolescent students from the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina, are presented herein. They were assessed by means of a self-administrable questionnaire involving Perception about Parenting Styles and Parental Inconsistency, based on Controlling and Inconsistent parenting scale. Significant correlations in the levels of Acceptance/forgiveness/controlling/ punishment (r=.655**) amongst the individuals' parents, as well as with the temporal consistency of such behavior (r=.785**), were verified. Controlling/punishment carried out by fathers was significantly higher when both parents lived together, and significantly lower when they were separated or divorced. The educational level of the parents has an influence on the consistency of their reactions to the adolescents' undesirable behavior: consistency is significantly lower in parents with incomplete or complete elementary education compared with those who reached high school or college levels, where consistency is significantly higher. Where adolescents recognize they possess a higher economic status, the perception of consistency is significantly higher in each parent.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Family Relations , Perception , Family CharacteristicsABSTRACT
Se presentan avances parciales de un estudio descriptivo realizado con 214 adolescentes escolarizados de 15 y 16 años, residentes en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, evaluados mediante una escala autoadministrable sobre Percepción de Control y Estilos e Inconsistencia Parentales, basada en la Controlling and inconsistent parenting scale. Se verificó un grado considerable y significativo de consistencia en los niveles de Control/castigo/aceptación/perdón impartidos (r=.655**), así como en la consistencia o estabilidad temporal de tales comportamientos (r=.785**).entre los miembros de la pareja parental. Se halló, también, que el Control/castigo impartido por los padres varones resulta significativamente más elevado cuando los padres viven juntos, en tanto que cuando existe una separación o divorcio, es significativamente más bajo. El nivel educativo de ambos adultos introduce diferencias en el grado de consistencia o estabilidad temporal de las reacciones independientes, de cada uno, ante comportamientos indeseados de los hijos, y estas diferencias se dan en el mismo sentido para ambos padres: el grupo con educación primaria incompleta y completa exhibe una inconsistencia significativamente mayor que el que ha alcanzado niveles educativos medios y terciarios o universitarios. También la consistencia resulta significativamente mayor, en cada progenitor, para los casos en que el estatus económico autopercibido por el adolescente es alto.
Partial results from a descriptive study performed on 214 adolescent students from the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina, are presented herein. They were assessed by means of a self-administrable questionnaire involving Perception about Parenting Styles and Parental Inconsistency, based on Controlling and Inconsistent parenting scale. Significant correlations in the levels of Acceptance/forgiveness/controlling/ punishment (r=.655**) amongst the individuals' parents, as well as with the temporal consistency of such behavior (r=.785**), were verified. Controlling/punishment carried out by fathers was significantly higher when both parents lived together, and significantly lower when they were separated or divorced. The educational level of the parents has an influence on the consistency of their reactions to the adolescents' undesirable behavior: consistency is significantly lower in parents with incomplete or complete elementary education compared with those who reached high school or college levels, where consistency is significantly higher. Where adolescents recognize they possess a higher economic status, the perception of consistency is significantly higher in each parent.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Family Characteristics , Family Relations , PerceptionABSTRACT
El trabajo que se presenta analiza datos obtenidos a partir de la administración de un cuestionario sobre Criterios de Elección de Pareja a una muestra intencional integrada por 1272 sujetos, adolescentes y adultos jóvenes (edades entre 13 y 30 años), residentes en las ciudades argentinas de Buenos Aires, Formosa y Tucumán. La técnica empleada para la obtención de datos es una adaptación local de la utilizada por D. Buss (1990) en un estudio internacional sobre el tema. Se calcularon medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión, así como el coeficiente rho de Spearman, para estimar las correlaciones entre datos ordinales. Se han encontrados ordenamientos similares en las tres muestras según género y edades. Los criterios elegidos como más importantes hacen referencia a la confianza, la atracción mutua y el amor, el ser agradable y simpático, la madurez emocional. Los varones más jóvenes atribuyen más importancia a la atracción física que los de más edad. Compartir ideas políticas o creencias religiosas similares, junto con la castidad, son los criterios a los que se les otorga menor importancia. Las tres muestras analizadas sólo incluyen personas que residen en ámbitos urbanos.
