ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Certain activities expose travellers to Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of acute human Q fever. Awareness of Q fever must be improved, also as a potential imported disease, but delayed seroconversion and serological cross-reactivity complicate the diagnosis. Granulomatous inflammation of liver and bone marrow can be typical histopathological findings. CASE PRESENTATIONS: We present three imported cases of Q fever with different clinical presentations, in which the travel history identified the sources of infection. CONCLUSIONS: Q fever should be suspected in any imported febrile disease of unknown origin. Clinical manifestations are variable and repeated serological testing is mandatory. In some cases diagnostic biopsies might help to establish early diagnosis.
Subject(s)
Coxiella burnetii/isolation & purification , Q Fever/diagnosis , Travel , Adult , Animals , Camelus , Cattle , Fever/microbiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Q Fever/blood , Q Fever/drug therapy , Q Fever/microbiology , Zoonoses/microbiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Current HIV-1 viral-load assays are too expensive for resource-limited settings. In some countries, monitoring of antiretroviral therapy is now more expensive than treatment itself. In addition, some commercial assays have shown shortcomings in quantifying rare genotypes. METHODS: We evaluated real-time reverse transcription-PCR with internal control targeting the conserved long terminal repeat (LTR) domain of HIV-1 on reference panels and patient samples from Brazil (n = 1186), South Africa (n = 130), India (n = 44), and Germany (n = 127). RESULTS: The detection limit was 31.9 IU of HIV-1 RNA/mL of plasma (> 95% probability of detection, Probit analysis). The internal control showed inhibition in 3.7% of samples (95% confidence interval, 2.32%-5.9%; n = 454; 40 different runs). Comparative qualitative testing yielded the following: Roche Amplicor vs LTR assay (n = 431 samples), 51.7% vs 65% positives; Amplicor Ultrasensitive vs LTR (n = 133), 81.2% vs 82.7%; BioMerieux NucliSens HIV-1 QT (n = 453), 60.5% vs 65.1%; Bayer Versant 3.0 (n = 433), 57.7% vs 55.4%; total (n = 1450), 59.0% vs 63.8% positives. Intra-/interassay variability at medium and near-negative concentrations was 18%-51%. The quantification range was 50-10,000,000 IU/mL. Viral loads for subtypes A-D, F-J, AE, and AG yielded mean differences of 0.31 log(10) compared with Amplicor in the 10(3)-10(4) IU/mL range. HIV-1 N and O were not detected by Amplicor, but yielded up to 180 180.00 IU/mL in the LTR assay. Viral loads in stored samples from all countries, compared with Amplicor, NucliSens, or Versant, yielded regression line slopes (SD) of 0.9 (0.13) (P < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS: This method offers all features of commercial assays and covers all relevant genotypes. It could allow general monitoring of antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings.
Subject(s)
HIV Long Terminal Repeat , HIV-1 , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Viral Load , Brazil , Genotype , Germany , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/virology , HIV-1/genetics , Humans , India , Probability , RNA, Viral/analysis , Regression Analysis , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/economics , Sensitivity and Specificity , South AfricaABSTRACT
African trypanosomiasis is a re-emerging disease. We report the case of an African patient whose predominant symptom was infertility due to a granulomatous orchitis. The patient was afebrile and had not been in Africa for years. Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly led us eventually to the diagnosis of sleeping sickness. After treatment with suramin his spermiogram returned to normal. Sleeping sickness evolves through clinically different stages and leads to death if left untreated. The disease may, however, present clinically extremely variable and may thus be difficult to diagnose.
