ABSTRACT
Pregnancy initiates a unique set of physiologic changes in a woman's body. These changes are commonly manifested as complaints concerning the head and neck. From common findings such as rhinitis, epistaxis, and cutaneous lesions to more rare disorders of the inner ear, physicians should be familiar with these conditions for optimal reassurance, expectant management, or treatment of the gravid female. It is especially important to be aware of the possible effects of any medication, including over-the-counter remedies, on the mother and fetus and to consult the treating obstetrician prior to writing any prescriptions. Many of these disorders will be discussed with an emphasis on rhinitis during pregnancy to illustrate the complexity and controversy surrounding many of the conditions. Finally, there will be a directed focus on commonly used pharmaceuticals in otolaryngology and their safety during pregnancy.
Subject(s)
Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases/drug therapy , Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases/etiology , Pregnancy Complications , Rhinitis/etiology , Estrogens/metabolism , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Rhinitis/drug therapyABSTRACT
A basic understanding of midface fractures is essential for those involved in the initial evaluation, emergency and general management, diagnosis, specialty consultation, and maxillofacial surgery of patients with fractures of the maxilla. To achieve the goal of restoring proper form and function to the upper jaw and face, one must be able to recognize, diagnose, and treat maxillary fractures. This requires knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the midface, as well as modalities of evaluation and treatment. Each of these topics are summarized in this paper.
