Stigma toward mental illness in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Stigma toward individuals with mental disorders has been studied extensively. In the case of Latin America and the Caribbean, the past decade has been marked by a significant increase in information on stigma toward mental illness, but these findings have yet to be applied to mental health services in Latin America. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of studies relating to stigma toward mental illness in Latin America and the Caribbean. The authors specifically considered differences in this region as compared with manifestations reported in Western European countries. METHODS: A systematic search of scientific papers was conducted in the PubMed, MEDLINE, EBSCO, SciELO, LILACS, Imbiomed, and Bireme databases. The search included articles published from 2002 to 2014. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies from seven countries in Latin America and the Caribbean were evaluated and arranged into the following categories: public stigma, consumer stigma, family stigma, and multiple stigmas. CONCLUSION: We identified some results similar to those reported in high-income settings. However, some noteworthy findings concerning public and family stigma differed from those reported in Western European countries. Interventions designed to reduce mental illness-related stigma in this region may benefit from considering cultural dynamics exhibited by the Latino population.

Stigma toward mental illness in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review

Objective: Stigma toward individuals with mental disorders has been studied extensively. In the case of Latin America and the Caribbean, the past decade has been marked by a significant increase in information on stigma toward mental illness, but these findings have yet to be applied to mental health services in Latin America. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of studies relating to stigma toward mental illness in Latin America and the Caribbean. The authors specifically considered differences in this region as compared with manifestations reported in Western European countries. Methods: A systematic search of scientific papers was conducted in the PubMed, MEDLINE, EBSCO, SciELO, LILACS, Imbiomed, and Bireme databases. The search included articles published from 2002 to 2014. Results: Twenty-six studies from seven countries in Latin America and the Caribbean were evaluated and arranged into the following categories: public stigma, consumer stigma, family stigma, and multiple stigmas. Conclusion: We identified some results similar to those reported in high-income settings. However, some noteworthy findings concerning public and family stigma differed from those reported in Western European countries. Interventions designed to reduce mental illness-related stigma in this region may benefit from considering cultural dynamics exhibited by the Latino population.

Effects of modafinil on attention performance, short-term memory and executive function in university students: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Modafinil is a drug developed and used for the treatment of excessive lethargy. Even though very effective for sleep disorders, it is still controversial whether modafinil can improve performance in high-order cognitive processes such as memory and executive function. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial was designed to evaluate the effect of modafinil (compared to placebo) on the cognitive functions of healthy students. 160 volunteers were recruited and allocated randomly to modafinil or placebo group, and were assessed using the Stroop Test, BCET test and Digit span test. RESULTS: We found a significant difference in favor of modafinil compared to placebo in the proportion of correct answers of Stroop Test in congruent situation. A significant shorter latency of modafinil group in the incongruent situation of Stroop test was also found. No differences were found in Digit Span, or BCET tests. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated that modafinil does not enhance the global cognitive performance of healthy non-sleep deprived students, except regarding non-demanding tasks. In particular, this drug does not seem to have positive effects on mental processes that sustain studying tasks in the college population under normal conditions. We expect these findings to demystify the use of this drug and help decision making concerning pharmacological public policies.

ANTECEDENTES: El modafinilo es un fármaco desarrollado para el tratamiento del letargo extremo. A pesar de estar probada su efectividad en la intervención de los trastornos del sueño, todavía existe la controversia sobre si es que puede mejorar el desempeño del sujeto en procesos cognitivos superiores, como la memoria y las funciones ejecutivas. MÉTODOS: Este ensayo clínico aleatorizado, de diseño crossover, doble ciego, controlado por placebo; fue elaborado para evaluar el efecto del modafinilo comparado con un placebo, en las funciones cognitivas de estudiantes universitarios sanos. Se reclutaron 162 voluntarios, asignados aleatoriamente a un grupo de consumo de modafinilo o a un grupo de consumo de placebo. Ambos grupos fueron evaluados usando el Test de Stroop, el Test Biber de Estimación Cognitiva y el Digit Span Test (test de amplitud de memoria de dígitos). Luego de 15 días, fueron asignados a la otra intervención. RESULTADOS: Se encontró una diferencia significativa en favor del modafinilo comparado con el placebo en la proporción de respuestas correctas del Test de Stroop en la situación congruente. También se encontró una menor latencia de respuesta entre los sujetos que consumieron modafinilo en la situación incongruente de ese mismo test. No se encontraron diferencias en el Digit Span o el Test Biber de Estimación Cognitiva. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio demuestra que el modafinilo no mejora el desempeño cognitivo global de estudiantes sanos sin deprivación de sueño, excepto en lo que respecta a tareas que no son demandantes. En particular, este fármaco no parece tener efectos positivos en los procesos mentales que sustentan actividades de estudio en la población universitaria bajo condiciones normales. Se espera que estos hallazgos desmitifiquen el uso de este neuroestimulante y contribuya a la toma de decisiones sobre políticas farmacológicas públicas.