Doxycycline Induces Mitophagy and Suppresses Production of Interferon-ß in IPEC-J2 Cells.

Previous reports have demonstrated that the second-generation tetracycline derivative doxycycline (DOX) interrupts mitochondrial proteostasis and physiology, inhibits proliferation of many cell types, and induces apoptosis. However, the effects of DOX, which is widely used in porcine husbandry by feed, on the porcine intestinal epithelium are unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that DOX damaged mitochondrial morphology and induced the co-localization of mitochondria with autophagosomes, suggesting that DOX induces mitophagy in IPEC-J2 cells. We also found evidence that DOX increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or mitochondrial-specific ROS in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, 50 µg/ml DOX significantly decreased production of interferon-ß and facilitated replication of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus in IPEC-J2 cells. These results demonstrated that DOX induced mitophagy and ROS production, which damaged the intestinal epithelium. As DOX is used extensively in pig husbandry, uncontrolled application poses a significant threat of viral infection, so stricter policies on its usage should be required.

Relationship between problem behavior and father-child relationship in 4-6-year-old children / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between problem behaviorand father-child relationship in 4-6-year-oldchildren. Methods:Totally 102 children were recruited in a kindergarten in Beijing,with 36 aged four,36 aged five,30 aged six and 55 being boys and 47 being girls. Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)was used to measure preschoolers'problem behaviors,and Family Relations Index (FRI)was adopted to assess children's rela-tionship with their fathers. Results:There were 41,49,and 12 children being classified as negative,neutral and posi-tive father-child relation respectively. Kruskal-Wallis Test revealed that there was no significant difference in scores of 3 CBCL subtests and 8 factors (P>0. 05 )among 4-,5-,and 6-year-old children. Children with negative father-child relationship scored higher on CBCL problem behavior subtests than those with neutral father-child relationship[30. 5 (7. 0,58. 0)vs. 16. 0 (0. 0,69. 0),P<0. 05 ]. They alsoscored higher on withdrawn behavior than children with neutralor positive father-child relationship [3. 0 (0. 0,4. 0)vs. 1. 0 (0. 0,6. 0),1. 0 (0. 0,4. 0),P<0. 05] . Mann-Whitney U Test manifested that boys scored higher in attention problem than girls (P<0. 0 1 ),but no gen-der difference was found in the other problem behaviors. Kruskal-Wallis Test showed that boys with negative father-child relationship scored higher than those with neutral father-child relationship on problem behavior subtest,anxie-ty-depression,attention problem,and internalized problem (Ps<0. 05 ). Boys with negative father-child relationship scored higher than those with neutraland positivefather-child relationship on withdrawn behavior (Ps <0. 05 ). No difference was found whether in CBCL subtests or problem behavior factors for girls with different types of father-child relationship. Conclusion:It suggests that the children with negative father-child relationship display more problem behavior and withdrawn symptoms;boys have more attention problems than girls;compared with girls, boys'problem behavior may be more closely related to therelationship with their father.

Complete genomic sequence of the coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus SHXB isolated in China.

A strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), SHXB, was isolated in Shanghai, China. The complete genome of strain SHXB was sequenced, and its sequence was compared those of other TGEV strains in the GenBank database. The comparison showed that there were no insertions or deletions in the 5' and 3'- non-translated regions, in the nonstructural genes ORF1, ORF3, and ORF7, or in the genes encoding the structural proteins envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleoprotein (N). A phenomenon in common with other strains was that nucleotide (nt) 655 of the spike (S) gene was G, and a common change in nt 1753 of the S gene was a T-to-G mutation that caused a serine-to-alanine mutation at amino acid 585, which is in the region of the main major antigenic sites A and B of the TGEV S protein. A 6-nt deletion was also found at nt 1123-1128 in all Purdue strains except the strain Virulent Purdue. Phylogenetic analysis showed that TGEV SHXB was closely related to the Purdue strains and shared a common ancestor with the Miller strains as well as strain PRCV-ISU-1.

Development of 5- to 9-year-old children's understanding the probabilities of the causes of illness / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To study the development of children's understanding the probabilities of the causes of illness.Methods 120 5-to 9-year-old children were interviewed via open-ended items and forced choices about illness. Results There were statistical significance in their understanding of the probabilities of the causes of illness and their strategies of prediction among the three groups(χ2(2)= 50.134,P ＜0.01;χ2(6)= 95.781, P ＜0.01);in addition, there was statistical significance between the two educational backgrounds (χ2(1)= 11.162, P ＜0.01;χ2(3)= 35.043, P ＜0.01). Conclusion Some preschool-aged children viewed outcomes of familiar causes of illness as probabilistic. The children's understanding of the causes' probabilities appeared to be based on naive biology. 5- to 9-year-old children made probabilistic predictions from a single cause to multiple causes. Children coming from higher educational backgrounds outperformed their counterparts coming from lower educational backgrounds with respect to understanding illness.

5～9-year-old children's understanding of food and nutrition / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate children' s understanding of food,nutrition and its relation to health.Methods Participants were interviewed individually,various experimental tasks were used to explore 5-9 year old children' s spontaneous classification of familiar food and their understanding of food balance.Results Five-year-old children rely more than elders on physical cues.There was significant age difference of their criterion of classification among physical (H_((2))=12.929,P ＜ 0.01),conventional (H_((2))=5.540,P=0.063)land processing criterion(H_((2))=6.076,P＜ 0.05).There was significant SES difference of their choices(X_((1))~2=5.857,P=0.016 ; X_((1))~2=4.510,P=0.034 in two different tasks).Higher SES children tended to choose balanced food(percentage of choosing balanced food in higher SES group was 75.0% ,93.8% ;45.2% ,74.2% in lower SES group).Conclusion The criterion children used is related to their cognitive development and experience.As they become older,more and more children realize the nutritional value of foods.There were a significant age difference in nutrition-balanced food choice ,and children's social economic status influence their performance.