ABSTRACT
This article reports the rationale for the Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional Program (BALANCE Program) Trial. This pragmatic, multicenter, nationwide, randomized, concealed, controlled trial was designed to investigate the effects of the BALANCE Program in reducing cardiovascular events. The BALANCE Program consists of a prescribed diet guided by nutritional content recommendations from Brazilian national guidelines using a unique nutritional education strategy, which includes suggestions of affordable foods. In addition, the Program focuses on intensive follow-up through one-on-one visits, group sessions, and phone calls. In this trial, participants 45 years or older with any evidence of established cardiovascular disease will be randomized to the BALANCE or control groups. Those in the BALANCE group will receive the afore mentioned program interventions, while controls will be given generic advice on how to follow a low-fat, low-energy, low-sodium, and low-cholesterol diet, with a view to achieving Brazilian nutritional guideline recommendations. The primary outcome is a composite of death (any cause), cardiac arrest, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, myocardial revascularization, amputation for peripheral arterial disease, or hospitalization for unstable angina. A total of 2468 patients will be enrolled in 34 sites and followed up for up to 48 months. If the BALANCE Program is found to decrease cardiovascular events and reduce risk factors, this may represent an advance in the care of patients with cardiovascular disease.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Diet/methods , National Health Programs/standards , Nutrition Assessment , Secondary Prevention/methods , Brazil/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Feeding Behavior , Humans , Incidence , Survival Rate/trendsABSTRACT
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) haplotypes are associated with hypertension (HT) in patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We evaluated the association of eNOS genotypes/haplotypes with the plasma concentrations of nitrite/nitrate (NO(x)), which are products of nitric oxide in HT, T2DM, and T2DM+HT patients. We studied eNOS polymorphisms in the promoter region (T-786C), in exon 7 (Glu298Asp), and in intron 4 (b/a) in 98 controls, 68 patients with HT, 66 patients with T2DM, and 86 patients with T2DM+HT. NO(x) concentrations were assessed using a chemiluminescence assay. No differences were found in genotype/allele distribution among groups. Genotypes were not associated with NO(x) concentrations. The "C-Glu-b" haplotype was more common in controls than in HT/T2DM+HT groups (21% versus 9/5%, respectively, P<0.006). This haplotype was more common in HT and T2DM+HT groups among subjects with high (82+/-38 and 90+/-33 microM, respectively) than with low (35+/-7 and 34+/-7 microM, respectively) NO(x) concentrations. Conversely, the "C-Asp-b" haplotype was more common in HT/T2DM+HT groups than healthy (21/21% versus 10%, respectively, P<0.006). The haplotype associated with lower risk of developing hypertension is also associated with higher NO(x) levels among hypertensives. Conversely, the haplotype increasing the risk of developing hypertension is associated with lower NO(x) levels in hypertensives.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Haplotypes , Hypertension/blood , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics , Nitric Oxide/blood , Adult , Aged , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/enzymology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics , Female , Gene Frequency , Genotype , Humans , Hypertension/enzymology , Hypertension/genetics , Isoenzymes/genetics , Isoenzymes/metabolism , Male , Middle Aged , Nitrates/blood , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism , Nitrites/blood , Polymorphism, Genetic , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Polymorphisms in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene have been associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), but not with T2DM. However, no previous study has analyzed combinations of genetic markers (haplotypes), which can be more informative. We studied three eNOS genetic polymorphisms: a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region (T(-786)C), in exon 7 (Glu298Asp), and a variable number of tandem repeats in intron 4 (b/a) in 103 healthy controls, and in 170 patients with T2DM (without DR, N=114; with DR, N=56). We also examined the association of eNOS gene haplotypes with T2DM and with DR. No differences were found in the frequencies of genotypes and alleles of the three polymorphisms among the three groups of subjects. However, the "C-Glu-b" haplotype was more common in healthy controls (24%) than in T2DM patients (7%) (P=0.0001). Finally, no significant difference in the distribution of eNOS haplotypes frequencies was found when T2DM patients with or without DR were compared (P=0.7372). These findings suggest no association between DR and individual eNOS haplotypes in T2DM patients. The "C-Glu-b" haplotype, however, may have a protective effect against T2DM. Further studies should be conducted to address the molecular basis for such an effect.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetic Retinopathy/genetics , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics , Adult , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/enzymology , Diabetic Retinopathy/enzymology , Exons , Female , Genotype , Haplotypes , Humans , Introns , Male , Middle Aged , Polymorphism, Genetic , Promoter Regions, GeneticABSTRACT
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HT) commonly coexist. While endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) haplotypes have been associated with HT, it is unknown whether eNOS genotypes/haplotypes are associated with altered susceptibility to HT in patients with T2DM. We studied the distribution of three eNOS genetic polymorphisms: a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region (T(-786)C), in exon 7 (Glu298Asp), and a variable number of tandem repeats in intron 4(b/a). Genotypes were determined for 102 healthy controls, 119 patients with HT, 66 patients with T2DM, and 113 patients with T2DM+HT. In addition, we also compared the distribution of eNOS haplotypes in the four groups of subjects. No differences were found in genotype and allele distribution among the four groups. Conversely, the haplotypes "C Glu b" and "C Asp b" were, respectively, more and less common in healthy controls than in HT or in T2DM+HT groups (24% versus 6% and 5%, respectively; both P<0.00625; and 8% versus 18% and 18%, respectively; both P<0.00625). Moreover, DM patients presented an overall distribution of eNOS haplotypes that was not different from healthy controls (P>0.05). Additionally, the haplotypes "C Glu b" and "C Asp b" were, respectively, more and less common in T2DM group than in T2DM+HT group (19% versus 5%; and 7% versus 18%, respectively; both P<0.00625). Our findings suggest a protective effect for eNOS haplotype "C Glu b" against the development of hypertension, and that haplotype "C Asp b" increases the susceptibility to hypertension in patients without or with T2DM.
Subject(s)
DNA/genetics , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Hypertension/genetics , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Alleles , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/enzymology , Female , Haplotypes , Humans , Hypertension/complications , Hypertension/enzymology , Male , Middle Aged , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/blood , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prognosis , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
A prevalência de diabete mélito (DM) tipo 2 em adultos no Brasil é de 7,6 porcento, estimando-se que 46,5 porcento não estejam diagnosticados. O objetivo deste estudo foi rastrear pacientes internados em Passo Fundo, RS, nos quatro hospitais da cidade, para detectar a presença de hiperglicemia em jejum (glicemia >126mg/dl) durante o período de hospitalização. Incluíram-se nele todos os pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 40 anos internados no dia da visita ao hospital, feitas entre setembro de 1997 e fevereiro de 1998. Excluíram-se diabéticos conhecidos, pacientes em uso de corticoesteróides, período agudo de doença isquêmica e pós-operatório. Obtiveram-se identificação, antecedentes pessoais e familiares e nível socioeconômico. Aferiam-se peso, altura, circunferência abdominal e pélvica, a partir dos quais foram obtidos o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e o índice cintura quadril (ICQ). A glicemia capilar foi medida com tiras reagentes e lida em reflectômetro (coeficiente de variação 3,9 porcento). Foram considerados pacientes com hiperglicemia aqueles que apresentassem glicemia igual ou maior que 126mg/dl após oito horas de jejum. Entre os 147 indivíduos elegíveis estudados, encontraram-se seis (4,1 por cento) pacientes com hiperglicemia. A prevalência de pacientes com hiperglicemia foi semelhante nos quatro hospitais. Utilizando-se a análise bivariada, encontrou-se que os pacientes com hiperglicemia tinham ICQ maior que os não-diabéticos (F= 4,2; p= 0,04). Quando todas as outras variáveis foram analisadas através da regressão logística múltipla, não houve associações significativas com a presença de hiperglicemia, embora o IMC (p= 0,20) e a idade (p= 0,36) possam ser um indício de associação. Considerou-se alta a prevalência de 4,1 por cento de indivíduos com hiperglicemia não diagnosticada internados nos hospitais. Esses indivíduos não tinham sido identificados no atendimento primário e, provavelmente, sejam portadores de DM do tipo 2. Provavelmente, indivíduos com maior ICQ, IMC e mais velhos sejam aqueles com maior risco de ter hiperglicemia não diagnosticada quando internados nos hospitais de Passo Fundo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Hyperglycemia/diagnosis , Inpatients , Age Factors , Body Constitution , Body Mass Index , Brazil , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Hyperglycemia/blood , Prevalence , Surveys and Questionnaires , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Procura-se identificar os sintomas psiquiátricos mais comumente encontrados nos acadêmicos da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Passo Fundo, incluindo os níveis que sao mais freqüentes. Analisou-se amostra de 75 por cento dos alunos, abservando-se que 41 por cento apresentavam sintomas sugestivos de alteraçoes psicóticas e 8.7 por cento alteraçoes neuróticas. O menor índice foi encontrado no 6§ nível com 16 por cento dos alunos com sintomas. Ressalta-se a necessidade de melhor acompanhamento dos alunos e reforma curricular.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Students, Medical/psychology , Neurotic Disorders/psychology , Psychotic Disorders/psychology , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
Analisa-se a freqüência do consumo de drogas psicoativas entre estudantes da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Passo Fundo e a correlaçao de uso com o conhecimento da disciplina de farmacologia. O álcool foi substância mais usada, tanto em uso recente como histórico, seguido do tabaco com um percentual aproximado de 25 por cento. Com o evoluir do curso, foi observado uma queda do uso dessas drogas; também, uma tendência ao uso de drogas ditas mais sofisticadas, como ansiolíticos e anfetaminas, substâncias disponíveis no mercado.
Subject(s)
Humans , Students, Medical , Illicit DrugsABSTRACT
Neste estudo foi avaliado o conhecimento da equipes que fazem o atendimento de primeiros socorros na regiäo de Passo Fundo. Esta avaliaçäo foi feita por meio da aplicaçäo de um questionário com perguntas básicas sobre conduta tomada nestas situaçöes. Foram avaliados integrantes do corpo de bombeiros, polícia rodoviária federal, estadual e também motoristas de ambulâncias de hospitais de Passo Fundo. Os resultados foram comparados com o nível de intruçäo, tempo de serviço na funçäo e realizaçäo de cursos sobre atendimento de primeiros socorros. Observou-se que estäo mais bem preparados para este tipo de atendimento os integrantes do corpo de bombeiros, seguidos da polícia rodoviária federal, estadual e, por último, dos motoristas de ambulâncias
Subject(s)
Humans , First Aid/nursing , Emergency Medical Technicians/education , Employee Performance Appraisal , Emergency Medical ServicesABSTRACT
Deciciu-se estudar as características dos pacientes com Hipertensäo Arterial Sistêmica e Diabete Melito em Caseiros-RS. Foi utilizada uma amostra de 262 indivíduos avaliados numa Feira de Saúde do município. A amostra constou de 83 homens e 179 mulheres, sendo 47 hipertensos, 17 diabéticos (8 pacientes diabéticos eram também hipertensos) e os restantes 206 foram considerados como grupo controle. Os resultados do estudo indicam que a HAS prevaleceu nas mulheres a partir da 5ª década com obesidade de predomínio troncular e nos homens a partir da 6ª década com obesidade sem predomínio troncular. Todos os diabéticos eram obesos com distribuiçäo troncular prevalecendo na 6ª década