Growth and anatomical parameters of adventitious roots formed on mung bean hypocotyls are correlated with galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides structure.

The effect of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs) compared with chemically modified oligosaccharides, GGMOs-g (with reduced number of D-galactose side chains) and GGMOs-r (with reduced reducing ends) on mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) adventitious roots formation, elongation, and anatomical structure have been studied. All types of oligosaccharides influenced adventitious root formation in the same way: stimulation in the absence of exogenous auxin and inhibition in the presence of exogenous auxin. Both reactions are probably related with the presence/content of endogenous auxin in plant cuttings. However, the adventitious root length was inhibited by GGMOs both in the absence as well as in the presence of auxin (IBA or NAA), while GGMOs-g inhibition was significantly weaker compared with GGMOs. GGMOs-r were without significant difference on both processes, compared with GGMOs. GGMOs affected not only the adventitious root length but also their anatomy in dependence on the combination with certain type of auxin. The oligosaccharides influenced cortical cells division, which was reflected in the cortex area and in the root diameter. All processes followed were dependent on oligosaccharides chemical structure. The results suggest also that GGM-derived oligosaccharides may play an important role in adventitious roots elongation but not in their formation.

Galactoglucomannan from the secondary cell wall of Picea abies L. Karst.

The fine structural features of alkali-extracted galactoglucomannan composed of D-galactose, D-glucose and D-mannose in a 1:8:33 mole proportion from the secondary cell walls of Picea abies L. Karst have been determined. Compositional and methylation analyses of the polymer, partial acid hydrolysis, as well as 1H and 13C NMR measurements of the polymer and products of partial acid hydrolysis confirmed a beta-(1-->4)-linked backbone of galactoglucomannan containing the segments of mannosyl residues (Man2, Man3, Man4, etc.) interrupted with the segments having both mannose and glucose residues, as well as the segments in which D-Glcp units can be adjacent to each other (Glc2). Further, the low content of branching points (approximately 3%) at the positions of 0-6, 0-3 and 0-2 of mannosyl and 0-6 and 0-3 of glucosyl residues, but preferably of mannosyl ones, indicates the presence of short side-chains terminated at position 0-6 predominantly by D-galactose units as single stubs.

Beta-galactosidase in immobilized cells of gherkin Cucumis sativus L.

Cell suspensions of gherkin (Cucumis sativus L.) were permeabilized by Tween-80, and immobilized by glutaraldehyde. Beta-galactosidase showed pH optimum at 4.9 and temperature optimum at 58 degrees C. The enzyme catalysed hydrolysis was linear for 3 h with 60-68% conversion of the substrate. The cells characterized by high beta-galactosidase activity and stability on long-term storage showed valuable technological properties.

Invertase in immobilized cells of Papaver somniferum L.

Papaver somniferum L., (opium poppy) cells were after permeabilization in Tween 80 immobilized by glutaraldehyde without any carrier. Cells immobilized by cross-linking performed the hydrolysis of sucrose. The immobilized cells were characterized by high invertase activity and appropriate physico-mechanical properties.