An unusual gall-bladder polyp--site of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a case report.

We report the case of a 64 year old woman who presented with symptomatology of gallstone disease but was radiologically shown to have a polyp within the gallbladder. Upon resection this was shown to be a metastasis from renal cell carcinoma for which she had had a nephrectomy six years previously.

The use of holmium laser technology for the treatment of refractory common bile duct stones, with a short review of the relevant literature.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of common bile duct (CBD) stones can vary in complexity and many methods exist to fragment them before removal. Although holmium laser is frequently used in urological surgery, it is rarely used to achieve this aim. METHODS: The holmium laser was passed along a fiber introduced via a flexible scope through the cystic duct at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This energy modality was used to fragment the stones to a size that allowed easy removal. RESULTS: The authors have used this technique once so far and achieved complete clearance of the CBD with no mucosal damage. CONCLUSION: Holmium laser provides an alternative and realistic treatment option for difficult CBD stones.