ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Patients with myeloma experience the longest diagnostic delays compared with patients with other cancers in the UK; 37% are diagnosed through emergency presentations. AIM: To identify and quantify the risk of myeloma from specific clinical features reported by primary care patients. DESIGN AND SETTING: Matched case-control study using General Practice Research Database primary care electronic records. METHOD: Putative clinical features of myeloma were identified and analysed using conditional logistic regression. Positive predictive values (PPVs) were calculated for the consulting population. RESULTS: A total of 2703 patients aged ≥40 years, diagnosed with myeloma between 2000 and 2009, and 12 157 age, sex, and general practice-matched controls were identified. Sixteen features were independently associated with myeloma: hypercalcaemia, odds ratio 11.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.1 to 18), cytopenia 5.4 (95% CI = 4.6 to 6.4), raised inflammatory markers 4.9 (95% CI = 4.2 to 5.8), fracture 3.1 (95% CI = 2.3 to 4.2), raised mean corpuscular volume 3.1 (95% CI = 2.4 to 4.1), weight loss 3.0 (95% CI = 2.0 to 4.5), nosebleeds 3.0 (95% CI = 1.9 to 4.7), rib pain 2.5 (95% CI = 1.5 to 4.4), back pain 2.2 (95% CI = 2.0 to 2.4), other bone pain 2.1 (95% CI = 1.4 to 3.1), raised creatinine 1.8 (95% CI = 1.5 to 2.2), chest pain 1.6 (95% CI = 1.4 to 1.8), joint pain 1.6 (95% CI = 1.2 to 2.2), nausea 1.5 (95% CI = 1.1 to 2.1), chest infection 1.4 (95% CI = 1.2 to 1.6), and shortness of breath 1.3 (95% CI = 1.1 to 1.5). Individual symptom PPVs were generally <1%, although were >10% for some symptoms when combined with leucopenia or hypercalcaemia. CONCLUSION: Individual symptoms of myeloma in primary care are generally low risk, probably explaining diagnostic delays. Once simple primary care blood tests are taken, risk estimates change. Hypercalcaemia and leucopenia are particularly important abnormalities, and coupled with symptoms, strongly suggest myeloma.
Subject(s)
Electronic Health Records , Multiple Myeloma/epidemiology , Primary Health Care , Referral and Consultation/statistics & numerical data , Risk Assessment/methods , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Morbidity/trends , Multiple Myeloma/diagnosis , Odds Ratio , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Survival Rate/trends , United Kingdom/epidemiologyABSTRACT
We describe the first confirmed person-to-person transmission of oseltamivir-resistant pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus that occurred in a hematology unit in the United Kingdom. Eleven cases of (H1N1) 2009 virus infection were identified, of which, ten were related as shown by sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes. H275Y analysis demonstrated that 8 of 10 case patients had oseltamivir-resistant virus, with 4 of 8 case patients infected by direct transmission of resistant virus. Zanamivir should be considered as first-line therapy for influenza in patients with lymphopenic hematological conditions and uptake of influenza vaccination encouraged to further reduce the number of susceptible individuals.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Viral , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects , Influenza, Human/transmission , Influenza, Human/virology , Oseltamivir/pharmacology , Adult , Aged , Amino Acid Substitution/genetics , Cross Infection/transmission , Cross Infection/virology , Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics , Hospitals , Humans , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification , Lymphopenia/complications , Middle Aged , Mutation, Missense , Neuraminidase/genetics , RNA, Viral/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNA , United Kingdom , Viral Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
Von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most common hereditary bleeding disorder. The aim of therapy is to correct the dual hemostatic defect, due to defective platelet adhesion-aggregation and abnormal coagulation due to Factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency. The choice of treatment depends on a number of factors, including the severity of the bleed, the procedure planned, the subtype and severity of the disease and the age and morbidity of the patient. Desmopressin (DDAVP) is the treatment of choice for type 1 vWD as it increases endogenous release of FVIII and von Willebrand factor (vWF) and is also used in some subtypes of type 2 vWD. In those patients in whom DDAVP is ineffective or contraindicated, levels can be restored by infusing vWF:FVIII concentrates. The role of antifibrinolytic treatment is an important adjunct to replacement therapy during minor or major surgery involving mucosal surfaces. The dosing and timing of vWF:FVIII concentrates is important depending on the nature of the surgical procedure. The role of secondary prophylaxis needs to be further defined.
