pH-responsive gelatin polymer-coated silica-based mesoporous composites for the sustained-release of indomethacin.

This paper prepared drug-loaded mesoporous silica composites with a pH-responsive type. These composites were prepared by using three-dimensional caged silica (SBA-16) as the carrier, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTMS) as the silane coupling agent, and indomethacin (IMC) as the loaded drug, respectively. The drug-loaded precursor NH2-SBA-16@IMC was prepared by solution diffusion adsorption. Finally, the pH-responsive drug-loaded composites NH2-SBA-16@IMC@GA were synthesized by wrapping the NH2-SBA-16@IMC with a condensation polymer of gelatin and glutaraldehyde. The composition and structure of the drug-loaded composites were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TG, SEM, TEM, and N2 adsorption-desorption. The in vitro simulated release performance of the drug-loaded composites was investigated at 37 °C under three pH conditions. The results show that the NH2-SBA-16@IMC@GA can be released in response to specific pH environment, which can effectively control the release speed of the indomethacin.

Genome-wide analysis of maize PR-1 gene family and expression profiles induced by plant hormones and fungal phytopathogens.

OBJECTIVE: In order to find similarity of the protein X in maize with other species we performed a BLASTP search to identify the maize ZmPR-1 family genes. METHODS: We used a BLASTP search to identify the maize ZmPR-1 family genes that may show similarities between the protein X in maize and other species. RESULTS: A total of 17 ZmPR-1 genes were identified and these genes were unevenly distributed on 8 chromosomes of maize. All ZmPR-1 gene predicted proteins contained a conserved CAP domain, according to the results of multiple sequence alignment and gene structure analysis. Phylogenetic tree analysis of a total of 85 PR-1 protein sequences from maize, sorghum, rice and Arabidopsis showed that the PR-1 family proteins were divided into four categories, and the maize ZmPR-1 was closely related to sorghum PR-1. In the promoter of maize ZmPR-1 gene, hypothetical cis-elements related to fungal induction, defense stress response, plant hormones, low temperature and drought response were detected. Microarray data analysis showed that ZmPR-1 displayed a tissue-specific expression pattern at different developmental stages, and responded to the infections of five maize pathogens. In addition, we further verified that four ZmPR-1 genes (ZmPR-1-5, 12, 14 and 16) were not only significantly up-regulated after Setosphearia turcica infection, but also affected by exogenous cues such as SA, ABA, MeJA and H2O2. CONCLUSION: The ZmPR-1 family may be important in plant disease resistance. This study's data provide important clues for future research on the function of ZmPR-1 family genes.

Characterisation of Pythium aristosporum Oomycete-A Novel Pathogen Causing Rice Seedling Blight in China.

Rice seedling blight is a globally occurring seedling disease caused by multiple pathogens. It is currently the most common disease affecting rice production in northeast China; hence, determining the causal agents, including its biological characteristics, host range, and fungicide efficacy is vital for its effective management. The present study obtained 45 pathogenic isolates from diseased rice seedlings in Suihua, Heilongjiang Province, China. Of these, five pathogens were identified based on their morphology and molecular identification, while 10 oomycete isolates were identified as Pythium aristosporum-the first to be reported in rice seedling blight. Its optimum growth conditions include a temperature of 25 °C, pH 6, and photoperiod of 24 h. Except for soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), black soybean (Glycine max var.), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), P. aristosporum can potentially infect and cause seedling blight on other hosts, such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Its isolates were found to be highly sensitive to metalaxyl + propamocarb (EC50 = 0.0138 µg/mL) with 84.1% efficacy at 313 µg/mL. These results can serve as the basis for controlling P. aristosporum.

Genome-wide analysis of Dof transcription factors and their response to cold stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

BACKGROUND: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a food crop for humans worldwide. However, temperature has an effect during the vegetative and reproductive stages. In high-latitude regions where rice is cultivated, cold stress is a major cause of yield loss and plant death. Research has identified a group of plant-specific transcription factors, DNA binding with one zinc fingers (DOFs), with a diverse range of functions, including stress signaling and stress response during plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify Dof genes in two rice subspecies, indica and japonica, and screen for Dof genes that may be involved in cold tolerance during plant growth. RESULTS: A total of 30 rice Dofs (OsDofs) were identified using bioinformatics and genome-wide analyses and phylogenetically analyzed. The 30 OsDOFs were classified into six subfamilies, and 24 motifs were identified based on protein sequence alignment. The chromosome locations of OsDofs were determined and nine gene duplication events were identified. A joint phylogenetic analysis was performed on DOF protein sequences obtained from four monocotyledon species to examine the evolutionary relationship of DOF proteins. Expression profiling of OsDofs from two japonica cultivars (Longdao5, which is cold-tolerant, and Longjing11, which is cold-sensitive) revealed that OsDof1 and OsDof19 are cold-inducible genes. We examined the seed setting rates in OsDof1- and OsDof19-overexpression and RNAi lines and found that OsDof1 showed a response to cold stress. CONCLUSIONS: Our investigation identified OsDof1 as a potential target for genetic breeding of rice with enhanced cold tolerance.

Single machine resource allocation scheduling problems with deterioration effect and general positional effect.

This paper investigates single machine scheduling problems where the actual processing time of a job is dependent on its starting time, processing position and the amount of resource allocation. We present two unified models and provide a bicriteria analysis for the general scheduling criteria and the total weighted resource consumption. We consider two different versions for treating the two criteria and show that the unified models can be applied to solve scheduling problems under various due window assignment considerations. We prove that two different versions of the problems can be solved in polynomial time, respectively.

OCT3/4 enhances tumor immune response by upregulating the TET1-dependent NRF2/MDM2 axis in bladder cancer.

This study aimed to investigate the function of OCT3/4 on tumor immune escape in bladder cancer. Initially, the expression of OCT3/4, TET1, NRF2 and MDM2 was quantified in tumor tissues and cells, followed by gain- or loss-of-function studies to define their roles in cell migration, invasion and apoptosis and tumorigenicity in nude mice. Bladder cancer presented with abundant expression levels of OCT3/4, TET1, NRF2 and MDM2. We found that OCT3/4 promoted TET1 expression via binding to its promoter and that TET1 recruited MLL protein to NRF2 promoter and upregulated its expression, while NRF2 enhanced MDM2 expression. Upregulated MDM2 accelerated tumor immune escape in bladder cancer in mice. OCT3/4 knockdown suppressed the cell migration and invasion while inducing apoptosis, and consequently prevented tumor growth and immune escape in mice. Collectively, OCT3/4 may promote the progression of tumor immune escape in bladder cancer through acting as a promoter of the TET1/NRF2/MDM2 axis.

First report of Fusarium brachygibbosum causing root rot on soybean in Northeastern China.

In August 2017, soybean root rot plants exhibiting root rot were observed in Baiquan County (47°60'N, 126°10'E), Heilongjiang province, China. The disease occurred on approximately 65% of soybean (cv. Heihe43) plantsroots in five fields (>10 ha). The disease resulted in yellowing or wilting and smaller sized leaves, absence of lateral roots and black lesions on tap roots. Infected root tissues from 10 individual plants (2 plants/each field) were surface disinfested with 0.5% NaOCl for 2 min, rinsed three times in sterile distilled water, placed on potato dextrose agar PDA, and incubated at 26℃ for 3 days. Eight fungal isolates were obtained by transferring hyphal tips.isolated and subcultured by transferring hyphal tips. Colonies on PDA were initially white to rose, then yellow in color with abundant aerial mycelium. The fungal colonies grew to a size of 7.4 cm in diameter four days after inoculation. Macroconidia were scarce and scattered, measuring 19.7 µm× 3.5 µm (n = 50) on carnation leaf agar. Typical macroconidium had 3-5 septa, slightly sharp apices with a distinct basal foot cell. Microconidia had 0-2 septa, and were slightly curved, measuring 10.7 µm × 3.2 µm (n = 50). Spherical chlamydospores had a mean diameter of 13.7µm (n = 50), were terminal and intercalary on PDA. According to these morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as F. brachygibbosum (Padwick1945). Genomic DNA of a representative isolate P13-1was extracted. The Ef-1α, RPB1 and RPB2 regions were amplified using primers ef1/ef2, Fa/G2R and 5f2/7cr (O'Donnell et al. 2010).The consensus sequences (accession nos. MH748277, MH748278 and MH748279) showed 98.65%, 98.91% and 99.54% identity to the sequences of F. brachygibbosum strain NRRL 34033(accession no.GQ505418.1, HM347172.1 and GQ505482.1). Isolate P13-1was preserved in Agricultural Culture Collection of China, Stock ID number is ACCC 39715.To confirm pathogenicity of P13-1, soybean (cv. Heihe43) seeds were grown in 15-cm pots containing a commercial potting mix (5seeds per pot,3 pots/ treatment). Sorghum seeds (10 g) fully colonized by F. brachygibbosum (Li et al., 2018)were uniformly distributed in each pot and then covered with a 0.5-cm layer of sterile potting soil. , Sterilized sterilized sorghum seeds(10 g) were added to control pots. , incubated in a growth chamber at 25°C (12h day) / 20°C (12h night). 10 Ten days after inoculation , all inoculated plants showed symptoms consistent with those observed in the fields. The experiment was repeated two times. F. brachygibbosum was reisolated from diseased plants and identified as F. brachygibbosum based on morphological and gene sequences analysismolecular characteristics. No fungal pathogens were isolated from nontreated controls. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. brachygibbosum on soybean in China. The soybean is the prime oil seed crop and the source of protein cultivated in Northeast China and this disease seriously affects the seedling growth. So, our findings are very important for the establishment of control strategies and breeding for resistance to soybean root rot.

Anticancer sulfonamide hybrids that inhibit bladder cancer cells growth and migration as tubulin polymerisation inhibitors.

Novel sulfonamide-dithiocarbamate hybrids were designed and synthesised via the molecular hybridisation strategy. Among them, compound 13d displayed a potent activity with IC50 values of 0.9, 0.7, 1.9 and 2.6 µM against UM-UC-3, RT-112, RT4 and T24. Compound 13d inhibited the migration and regulated the migration-related markers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail and Slung) against RT-112 cells in a concentration dependent manner. By the tubulin polymerisation assay in vitro and immunostaining assay, compound 13d was identified as a novel tubulin polymerisation inhibitor. Intragastric administration of compound 13d could inhibit the growth of RT-112 cells in vivo in a xenograft mouse model with the low toxicity, indicating that it may be a leading candidate with antitumor properties to treat bladder cancer.

Minimally invasive surgical treatment on delayed uretero-vaginal fistula.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the procedure of endoscopic surgery for ureterovaginal fistula (UVF) and its clinical efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 46 patients needing treatment for UVF with endourology technology was conducted (all patients had unilateral ureteric injury, 27 left and 19 right). Transurethral retrograde ureteric stenting or realignment retrograde/antegrade approach stenting was used to treat the fistula, and the relation between treatment and prognosis was analyzed. RESULTS: One case failed, the patient undergoing percutaneous nephrostomy instead. Success was achieved in 45 cases, and urinary leakage was stopped 48 h after surgery. Of the 45 patients operated on, 16 had their double-J stents removed after 3-6 months, and 29 needed replacement every 6-12 months. In a postoperative follow-up of 6-36 months, 10 patients had recurrent stenosis needing ureteroscopic endoureterotomy or reexpansion with a balloon. No other complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic surgery is an effective technology in the treatment of UVF, with the advantages of being effective, reliable, less invasive, and readily accepted by patients.

Cognitive impairment in first-episode drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia: Relationships with serum concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor.

OBJECTIVES: Evidence suggests that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line -derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are important in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, which plays a key role in the cognitive processes in psychiatric disorders. Our work aimed at exploring the associations between serum BDNF and GDNF levels and cognitive functions in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: The BDNF and GDNF levels of 58 FEDN patients and 55 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were measured and test subjects were examined using several neurocognitive tests including the verbal fluency test (VFT), the trail making test (TMT), the digit span test (DST), and the Stroop test. RESULTS: Patients performed significantly worse than controls in nearly all neurocognitive performances except the forward subscale part of the DST. BDNF levels were inversely correlated to TMT-part B scores and positively correlated to VFT-action in the FEDN group. GDNF levels showed a positive correlation with VFT-action scores and a negative correlation with TMT-part B scores of these patients. CONCLUSION: Current data suggests that cognitive dysfunction widely exists in the early stages of schizophrenia. BDNF and GDNF may be jointly contributed to the pathological mechanisms involved in cognitive impairment in FEDN patients with schizophrenia.

Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy improves stone-free rates for impacted proximal ureteral stones: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Urinary stones are common medical disorders and the treatment of impacted proximal ureteral stones (IPUS) is still a challenge for urologists. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MI-PCNL) and ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URL) in the treatment of IPUS via a meta-analysis. METHODS: We collected studies using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library from 1978 to November 2016 and analyzed them using Stata 12.0 and RevMan 5.3. Odds ratios (ORs) and standard mean difference (SMD) were calculated for binary and continuous variables respectively, accompanied with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All study procedures followed the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS: Five prospective studies were included in our meta-analysis, with 242 MI-PCNL and 256 URL cases. MI-PCNL was associated with a longer postoperative hospital stay than URL (SMD, 3.14; 95% CI, 1.27 to 5.55). However, no significant difference was observed in operative time (SMD, -0.38; 95% CI, -3.15 to 2.38). In addition, MI-PCNL had higher initial (OR, 11.12; 95% CI, 5.56 to 22.24) and overall stone-free rates (OR, 8.70; 95% CI, 3.23 to 23.45) than URL, along with lower possibilities of surgical conversion (OR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.49) and postoperative shock wave lithotripsy (OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.18). Regarding complications, no significant differences were observed between MI-PCNL and URL (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.93 to 2.10), except for hematuria (OR, 4.80; 95% CI, 1.45 to 15.94). CONCLUSIONS: MI-PCNL is optimal and should be considered as the preferred treatment method for IPUS, as it has better efficacy and a safety profile similar to that of URL. However, further high quality studies with larger sample size are required in future.

[Methylation Status of the SOCS3 Gene Promoter in H2228 Cells and 
EML4-ALK-positive Lung Cancer Tissues].

BACKGROUND: The EML4-ALK fusion gene is a newly discovered driver gene of non-small cell lung cancer and exhibits special clinical and pathological features. The JAK-STAT signaling pathway, an important downstream signaling pathway of EML4-ALK, is aberrantly sustained and activated in EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer cells fusion gene, but the underlying reason remains unknown. The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) is a negative regulatory factor that mainly inhibits the proliferation, differentiation, and induction of apoptotic cells by inhibiting the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. The aberrant methylation of the SOCS gene leads to inactivation of tumors and abnormal activation of the JAK2-STAT signaling pathway. The aim of this study is to investigate the methylation status of the SOCS3 promoter in EML4-ALK-positive H2228 cells and lung cancer tissues. METHODS: The methylation status of the SOCS3 promoter in EML4-ALK-positive H2228 lung cancer cells and lung cancer tissues was detected by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) analysis and verified by DNA sequencing. The expression levels of SOCS3 in H2228 cells were detected by Western blot and Real-time PCR analyses after treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5'-Aza-dC. RESULTS: MSP and DNA sequencing assay results indicated the presence of SOCS3 promoter methylation in H2228 cells as well as in three cases of seven EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer tissues. The expression level of SOCS3 significantly increased in H2228 cells after 5'-Aza-dC treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The aerrant methylation of the SOCS3 promoter region in EML4-ALK (+) H2228 cells and lung cancer tissues may be significantly involved in the pathogenesis of EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer.

[The Role of SOCS in the Development of Tumors].

Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family proteins are a group of negative regulatory factors that plays important roles in the negative regulation of cytokine responses by terminating the activation of the JAK-STAT and other signaling pathways. The family is composed of eight structurally related proteins. mainly through the inhibition of the activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathway and regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In the process of tumor progression, the promoter CG island hypermethylation, gene mutation, gene deletion and inactivation lead to the abnormal expression of SOCS protein make JAK-STAT continuous activation, resulting in the development and metastasis of tumor. Here, we review the SOCS family members found, composition and molecular structure, the domain of the function, and the latest progress of development in tumor. Based on the important role of SOCS in tumor development, SOCS as a negative regulator factor represent a kind of tumor suppressor genes, has become a new target for tumor therapy.

The Value of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography and Contrast-Enhanced CT in the Diagnosis of Malignant Renal Cystic Lesions: A Meta-Analysis.

We compared the efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) for the diagnosis of renal cystic lesions via a meta-analysis to determine the value of CEUS in the prediction of the malignant potential of complex renal cysts. Eleven studies were evaluated: 4 control studies related to CEUS and CECT, 3 studies related to CEUS and 4 studies related to CECT. According to the random effects model, the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio for CEUS/CECT were 0.95/0.90, 0.79/0.85, 4.39/5.00, and 0.10/0.15, respectively. The areas under the summary receiver operating characteristic (AUCs-SROC) curves for the two methods were 94.24% and 93.39%, and the estimated Q values were 0.8805 and 0.8698, respectively. Comparing the Q index values of CEUS and CECT revealed no significant difference between the two methods (P>0.05). When compared with conventional CECT, CEUS is also useful for diagnosing renal cystic lesions in the clinic.

Clinical significance and biological roles of TRIM24 in human bladder carcinoma.

Tripartite motif-containing 24 (TRIM24), also known as transcription intermediary factor 1-alpha (TIF1α), is a chromatin-associated protein which as been has been implicated in carcinogenesis. However, its expression profile and biological roles in human bladder carcinoma has not been investigated. In this study, we examined its expression in 95 bladder cancer specimens. We found that TRIM24 expression was upregulated in 39 of 95 (41.1 %) specimens compared with normal control. TRIM24 overexpression was associated with local invasion and advanced grade of bladder cancer. In addition, we transfected TRIM24 plasmid into BIU-87 cell line and TRIM24 siRNA into 5637 cell line. Colony formation, CCK-8, and transwell assay were used to assess its biological roles in bladder cancer cells. The result showed that TRIM24 could facilitate cancer cell growth and invading ability. Western blot analysis demonstrated that TRIM24 upregulated cyclin D1, cyclin E, p-IκBα, and p-AKT expression, suggesting TRIM24 activates NF-κB and AKT pathways. In addition, NF-κB inhibitor reversed the effect of TRIM24 on cyclin D1. In conclusion, TRIM24 is overexpressed in human bladder cancer and facilitates bladder cancer growth and invasion, possibly through NF-κB and AKT signaling pathways.

Application of DNA barcoding to the identification of Hymenoptera parasitoids from the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) in China.

Aphis glycines Matsumura is an important pest of soybean in Asia and North America. Hymenoptera parasitoids play a key role in the control of the soybean aphid. The correct identification of parasitoids is a critical step that precedes the assessment of their potential biological control agents. Accurate identification of the majority of the species attacking the soybean aphid often requires elaborate specimen preparation and expert taxonomic knowledge. In this study, we facilitated the identification of soybean aphid parasitoids by applying a DNA barcoding approach following a preliminary morphological identification. We generated DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial COI gene and the D2 region of 28S rDNA to assess the genetic variation within and between parasitoid species emerging from the soybean aphid in China. Fifteen Hymenoptera parasitoid species belonging to 10 genera of five families were identified with little intra-specific variation (0.09% ± 0.06% for 28S and 0.36% ± 0.18% for COI) and large inter-specific divergence (30.46% ± 3.42% for 28S and 20.4% ± 1.20% for COI).

Endoscopic realignment in the management of complete transected ureter.

PURPOSE: To present experience and feasibility of endoscopic realignment for treatment of delayed recognized iatrogenic complete transected ureteral injuries. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients suffering from iatrogenic complete transected ureteral injuries were treated by two surgeons. Five women and 3 men with a mean age of 50.8 years (range 22-69) received diagnosis during the immediate postoperative period (2-6 days after surgery). Ureteral continuity was re-established using a technique combining antegrade flexible ureteroscopy and retrograde rigid ureteroscopy. Then, three ipsilateral 5F double J stents were inserted to assure ureteral patency. RESULTS: All eight realignment procedures were successful, and no major complications occurred. Average injury length was 1.9 cm (range 1.5-3.0). Average hospitalization time was 8 days (range 3-14). Nephrostomy tubes and stents were removed after a mean period of 3.9 weeks (range 2-6) and 6.8 months (range 5.9-7.1), respectively. At a mean follow-up of 21.5 months (range 10-56), 6 patients were stent-free without image evidence of obstruction, a patient developed strictures was treated with balloon dilation and another exchanged double J stents periodically. No patient has developed significant renal impairment. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic realignment is a safe and efficient method as an initial procedure to manage iatrogenic complete transected ureteral injuries in properly selected cases.

Automatic clocking optimization for compensating two-dimensional tolerances.

Clocking of lens elements is frequently used as an effective method of compensating for two-dimensional tolerances such as material inhomogeneity and surface figure errors. Typically, the lens designer has to determine the optimum angles of rotation by manually modeling lens element clocking in the commercial optical design software because the nature of errors resolved by lens clocking does not lead to good convergences for clocking optimization. In this paper, a method of automatic clocking optimization is developed. The method is implemented using a combination of particle swarm optimization algorithm and commercial optical design software. The optimum angles of rotation and predicted imaging performance are automatically calculated using this method. Methods of implementation and optimization examples are also given.

Wavefront aberration compensation of projection lens using clocking lens elements.

For extremely high-performance lithographic lenses, the edge level accuracy of the manufacturing process and multicompensation strategies must be applied. Element clocking can be effectively used to compensate for the low-order figure errors of the elements. Considering that commercial optical software is usually incapable of obtaining good convergence for clocking optimization, this paper proposes a mathematical model of a lithographic lens containing the errors of a surface figure, after which a clocking optimization algorithm is programmed. A clocking optimization instance proving that the clocking optimization algorithm is capable of finding the optimized angle of elements and that clocking is an effective compensation strategy. The calculated accuracy of the proposed mathematic model was found to be acceptable for clocking optimization.

Risk factors for septic shock after mini-percutaneous nephrolithotripsy with holmium laser.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk factors for septic shock after mini-percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (MPCNL) and provide a theoretic basis for the prevention of septic shock after MPCNL. METHODS: A total of 834 patients who underwent MPCNL from June 2004 to April 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. The χ(2) test and a logistic regression were used to identify key risk factors for septic shock after MPCNL. RESULT: The incidence of septic shock after MPCNL was 2.40%. Logistic regression analysis identified female sex (odds ratio, 1.055E8; P <.001) and diabetes mellitus (odds ratio, 4.192; P = .001) as independent risk factors for post-MPCNL septic shock. CONCLUSION: Female sex and diabetes mellitus are the key risk factors for septic shock after MPCNL. Routine administration of antibiotics preoperatively might reduce the incidence of septic shock.