A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-controlled, phase 3 clinical trial assessing the efficacy and safety of intravenous nemonoxacin malate vs. levofloxacin for community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients.

BACKGROUND: Nemonoxacin malate is a novel non-fluorinated quinolone for oral and intravenous (IV) administration. This phase 3, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-controlled clinical trial (NCT02205112) evaluated the efficacy and safety of IV nemonoxacin vs. levofloxacin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adult patients. METHODS: Eligible patients were randomised to receive 500 mg nemonoxacin or levofloxacin via IV infusion, once daily for 7-14 days. The primary endpoint was the clinical cure rate at the test-of-cure (TOC) visit in the modified intent-to-treat (mITT) population. Secondary efficacy and safety were also compared between nemonoxacin and levofloxacin. RESULTS: Overall, 525 patients were randomised and treated with nemonoxacin (n = 349) or levofloxacin (n = 176). The clinical cure rate was 91.8% (279/304) for nemonoxacin and 85.7% (138/161) for levofloxacin in the mITT population (P > 0.05). The clinical efficacy of nemonoxacin was non-inferior to levofloxacin for treatment of CAP. Microbiological success rate with nemonoxacin was 88.8% (95/107) and with levofloxacin was 87.8% (43/49) (P > 0.05) at the TOC visit in the bacteriological mITT population. The incidence of drug-related adverse events (AEs) was 37.1% in the nemonoxacin group and 22.2% in the levofloxacin group. These AEs were mostly local reactions at the infusion site, nausea, elevated alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase (ALT/AST), and QT interval prolongation. The nemonoxacin-related AEs were mostly mild and resolved after discontinuation of nemonoxacin. CONCLUSIONS: Nemonoxacin 500 mg IV once daily for 7-14 days is effective and safe and non-inferior to levofloxacin for treating CAP in adult patients.

An ultrasensitive split-type electrochemical immunosensor based on controlled-release strategy for detection of CA19-9.

In this study, a novel split-type electrochemical immunosensor based on controlled release strategy was proposed for sensitive analysis and detection of tumor marker carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA19-9). Specifically, glucose (Glu) was encapsulated in carrier mesoporous silica (MSN) with encapsulation technology, and surface functionalized Zinc sulfide (ZnS) caps were used as "gatekeepers". The complex is formed by encapsulating Glu within MSN with ZnS (ZnS@MSN-Glu) as a signal amplifier labeled on the signal antibody (Ab2). And the Ab2 can detect the presence of antibodies. To reduce the interference of biological analysis, the immune recognition process of ZnS@MSN-Glu-Ab2 bioconjugate and antigen was carried out in 96-well microplate, which did not interfere with the electrochemical analysis process. Therefore, the low sensitivity detection caused by biofouling of nanomaterials and immunoreaction on the testing platform is eliminated. Subsequently, the opening and timed release of mesopores were controlled by external stimuli, the disulfide bond cleavage by dithiothreitol (DTT), and glucose was effectively released. Then nickel cobalt layered double hydroxide (NiCo-LDH) were directly hydrothermally grown on carbon cloth (CC) electrodeposited with copper selenide (CuSe) nanosheets to construct three-dimensional (3D) cactus-like NiCo-LDH/CuSe/CC sensing platform. It can realize the catalytic oxidation of released glucose, triggering glucose-mediated signal amplification. The synergistic effect of the 3D cactus structure and active nanomaterials promotes electron conduction. Taking the detection of carbohydrate antigen CA19-9 as an example, the immunosensor shows a wide linear concentration range (0.001-100 U/mL) with the limit of detection of 0.0005 U/mL, realizing highly sensitive detection of CA19-9. This biosensing technique has considerable advantages and provides an innovative approach for trace detection of other biomarkers.

Photoelectrochemical immunosensor for the sensitive detection of neuron-specific enolase based on the effect of Z-scheme WO3/NiCo2O4 nanoarrays p-n heterojunction.

In this study, a signal-on type PEC immunosensor was constructed to detect neuron-specific enolase (NSE) via Z-scheme WO3/NiCo2O4 p-n heterojunction with cactus-like structure used as photoactive materials and MnxCd1-xS⊃Au NPs (MCS⊃Au NPs) as signal labels. Firstly, Z-scheme WO3/NiCo2O4 heterojunction could accelerate the separation efficiency of carriers and well-matched photoactive materials may promote charge migration, which resulted in WO3/NiCo2O4 generating strong and stable current. In addition, Z-scheme WO3/NiCo2O4 heterojunction directly grown on the surface of FTO via hydrothermal method facilitated the preparation of PEC immunosensor with outstanding stability. Secondly, an efficient signal amplification strategy was proposed by MnxCd1-xS⊃Au NPs incubating with signal antibody (Ab2). On the one hand, the well-matched energy levels of MnxCd1-xS with WO3/NiCo2O4 boosted the photo-generated electrons transferred to the electrode; on the other hand, the LSPR effect of Au may convert thermion to photocurrent to achieve signal amplification. Based on the above strategies, a PEC immunosensor with outstanding reproducibility and stability was obtained for sensitive detection of NSE. Under the optimum experimental conditions, current response range of the constructed signal amplification PEC sensor to NSE was 0.1 pg/mL ∼50 ng/mL and the detection limit was 0.07 pg/mL (S/N = 3). After the application tests in the detection of actual samples, the feasibility of the prepared PEC immunosensor with excellent selectivity, high sensitivity and satisfactory reproducibility was verified and the satisfactory results were obtained.

Highly sensitive photoelectrochemical neuron specific enolase analysis based on cerium and silver Co-Doped Sb2WO6.

A signal-enhanced photoelectrochemical immunoassay technique for detecting neuron specific enolase (NSE) was proposed. As a photoactive matrix, (Ce,Ag):Sb2WO6 was firstly investigated via doping Ce and Ag into Sb2WO6. It could be found that the presence of Ce and Ag not only had enormous variation on the morphology of Sb2WO6, but also showed excellent PEC behavior. In order to further improve the visible light utilization rate of (Ce,Ag):Sb2WO6, In2S3 was modified onto the surface of (Ce,Ag):Sb2WO6 to enhance visible light absorption. In addition, the CdS/PDA was served as a secondary antibody marker to further amplify signal. Especially, PDA as an electron donor could effectively remove photogenerated holes. Meanwhile, the good matching cascade band-edge levels between CdS and Sb2WO6 could promote photoelectron migration, improve the PEC response, and achieve sensitive detection of NSE. Under the selected excellent conditions, the photocurrent can linearly increase with the increase of NSE concentration in the operating range from 0.1 pg/mL to 50 ng/mL, and the limit of detection is 1.57 fg/mL. The constructed immunosensor also exhibits satisfactory stability, selectivity, and reproducibility, and it creates conditions for the detection of other biomolecules.

Inverse correlation of miR-27a-3p and CDH5 expression serves as a diagnostic biomarker of proliferation and metastasis of clear cell renal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Cadherin-5 (CDH5) is aberrantly expressed in a variety of human cancers and plays an important role in angiogenesis. The present study provides further insight into the role of miR-27a-3p in the regulation of CDH5 expression in renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC). METHODS: Thedysregulation of CDH5 expression in ccRCC and its association with clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed using the TCGA database. A meta-analysis was performed to verify the alteration of CDH5 expression in ccRCC using the GEO database. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining were applied to assess the transcriptional and protein levels of CDH5. TargetScan and Tarbase were employed to predict the miRNAs with the potential to target mRNA of CDH5. RESULTS: The mRNA level of CDH5 in ccRCCwas significantly higher than in normal tissue. CDH5 mRNA expression could therefore serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker for ccRCC (AUC = 0.844). However, the reduced CDH5 transcription levels were significantly correlated with patients in the T3-4 stage, lymph node, and distant metastasis, as well as with a worse clinical outcome. We further observed that CDH5, at the protein level, was almost absent in ccRCC samples. In addition, a few databases screen showed that mir-27a-3p is a highly conserved miRNA targeting CDH5. The expression of mir-27a-3p was significantly elevated in ccRCC tissues in contrast to normal tissues. Importantly, it was positively associated with the T3-4 stage and M stage, respectively, suggesting that the expression level of mir-27a-3p could serve as a diagnostic biomarker for ccRCC (AUC = 0.775). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that thereduced translational level of CDH5 in ccRCC was related to the overexpression of mir-27a-3p. The higher mir-27a-3p and lower CDH5 expression significantly correlated with advanced clinical stages for ccRCC patients.

Enhanced effect of catalpol on specific immune therapy in treatment of asthmatic mice.

Objective: The effects and enhancement of catalpol (CP) on specific immune therapy (SIT) were investigated with an established animal model associated with bronchial asthma. Materials and methods: A total of 50 adults BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups with 10 mice in each group. These groups are control group, model group, CP group, SIT group and CP/SIT joint group. The mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA and Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood were obtained, the cell counts and the levels of cytokines (IL-1, IL-4, IFN-γ) in BALF were detected using ELISA methods. Results: The total number of cells in BALF of the group treated with CP/SIT joint group was significantly lower than the other experimental groups. Furthermore the eosinophils of the mice were dramatically reduced comparing the other experimental groups, the cytokines IL-1 and IL-4 display the similar tendency, but the IFN-γ concentration for the experimental groups was higher than the model group. After the therapy using CP, SIT and a combination of CP and SIT, asthma-associated inflammation was inhibited, IL-4 level was decreased and IFN-γ level was increased. In addition, the expression of TLR-4 protein in peripheral blood was detected by Western Blot method. Conclusions: In summary, CP can enhance the treating effect of SIT and the joint treatment by CP/SIT might be a potential method for clinical treatment of asthma, the mechanism is related to the inhibition of TLR-4 signaling pathway.

[Effect of Calcium Silicate-biological Humus Fertilizer Composite on Uptake of Cd by Shallots from Contaminated Agricultural Soil].

The safety of vegetable production is a key link in reducing cadmium consumption through the food chains. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of composite materials (calcium silicate-biological humus fertilizer) on the growth of shallots and the uptake of Cd by shallots from contaminated agricultural soil. Four treatments (T1: 0.5% calcium silicate+0.5% biological humus fertilizer; T2: 0.5% calcium silicate+1.0% biological humus fertilizer; T3: 1.0% calcium silicate+0.5% biological humus fertilizer; and T4: 1.0% calcium silicate+1.0% biological humus fertilizer) and a control group (CK) were adopted. The changes in soil pH, DTPA-extractable Cd, biomass of shallots, and cadmium concentrations in shallots over time under different treatments were analyzed. The results show that the application of composite amendments decreased the concentrations of DTPA-extractable Cd in the soil. In particular, after T3 treatment, the concentrations of soil DTPA-extractable Cd decreased by 60.71%, 49.54%, 44.63%, and 58.94% after 14, 28, 42, and 56 d, respectively. The biomass of the shallots aboveground increased significantly by 107.99% and 107.19% after T3 and T4 treatment, respectively. The composite amendments exhibited different effects on the uptake of Cd by the shallots from the soil, and the T4 treatment was the most effective in immobilizing Cd and inhibiting translocation of Cd into the shallots. The cadmium concentration in the shallots decreased by 43.80% after 56 d with the T4 treatment. In conclusion, T4 is the optimum treatment for soil cadmium immobilization.

Astragaloside IV sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer cells to gefitinib potentially via regulation of SIRT6.

Astragaloside IV, the active component of Astragalus membranaceus, exhibits diverse biological roles including the anti-tumor activity. In this study, we evaluated the chemosensitive role of astragaloside IV in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 analysis was performed to determine cell viability. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to measure the messenger RNA and protein expression. Results showed that astragaloside IV treatment could suppress the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cells. In addition, combined treatment with astragaloside IV remarkably enhanced the chemosensitivity to gefitinib in three non-small cell lung cancer cell lines including NCI-H1299, HCC827, and A549. Furthermore, compared with gefitinib-treated cells, the messenger RNA expression of SIRT6 was obviously increased in non-small cell lung cancer cells treated with gefitinib combined with astragaloside IV. In addition, downregulation of SIRT6 was accomplished using small interference RNA technology. As a result, SIRT6 inhibition abolished the sensitization role of astragaloside IV in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Taken together, these data demonstrated that astragaloside IV sensitized tumor cells to gefitinib via regulation of SIRT6, suggesting that astragaloside IV may serve as potential therapeutic approach for lung cancer.

[Influencing Mechanism of Eh, pH and Iron on the Release of Arsenic in Paddy Soil].

The massive release of soil arsenic and its enrichment in rice are significantly associated with the flooded and anaerobic management in paddy soil. Soil redox potential (Eh), pH and iron oxides exert remarkable impacts on arsenic release, which remain to be explored. In this study, long-term aerobic and anaerobic as well as intermittent aerobic incubation treatments were applied to investigate the influences of Eh, pH and iron content on arsenic release. It was found that anaerobic and flooded treatment contributed to the highest arsenic release. With decreasing Eh, significant enhancement in As(Ⅲ) and As(Ⅴ) contents in soil solution was observed. Particularly, As(Ⅲ) and As(Ⅴ) contents during the second phase increased by 1.37 and 0.99 µg·L-1compared with those in the first phase. Conversely, significant reduction in soil arsenic release (P<0.05) occurred when intermittent aerobic treatment was adopted, and the lowest level of arsenic release was observed along with the longest treatment time (6 d). The exponent relationships between arsenic and soil Eh, pH and Fe2+ content were also established, which indicated that arsenic release could be accelerated by lower pH and elevated Eh. In addition, a significant positive correlation was also found between iron(Ⅱ) content and arsenic content in soil solution. Since low Eh and elevated pH served as critical factors driving arsenic release, intermittent and aerobic water management was proved to be an effective method for the inhibition of arsenic release and uptake and accumulation of arsenic by rice.

miR-630 targets LMO3 to regulate cell growth and metastasis in lung cancer.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that play key roles in cancer development and progression. Therefore, the discovery of miRNAs may provide a new and powerful tool for understanding the mechanism of carcinogenesis. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the functional significance of miR-630 and to identify its possible target genes in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our results showed that miR-630 was significantly down-regulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. The enforced expression of miR-630 was able to inhibit cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells. Moreover, our results further revealed that LMO3, a nuclear LIM-only proteins, was identified as a target of miR-630. Restoration of LMO3 remarkably reversed the tumor-suppressive effects of miR-630 on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in NSCLC cells. Therefore, we demonstrated that miR-630 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells by down-regulating LMO3 expression, suggesting miR-630 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of human NSCLC in the future.

ATF3 and extracellular matrix-related genes associated with the process of chronic obstructive pulmonary.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem worldwide and is proved to be the number three cause of death in globally. The objective of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism of the progression of COPD. METHODS: Using the GSE1650 affymetrix microarray data accessible from Gene Expression Omnibus database, we first identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between 18 COPD samples and 12 normal samples, followed by the GO / KEGG pathway analysis and gene interaction networks analysis of the DEGs. Our study identified 134 DEGs which involved in regulation of immune response, vesicle transport system, growth regulator and extracellular matrix (ECM)-related pathways. RESULTS: Gene interaction networks analysis showed that the sub-network involved by activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3) was the most significant sub-network in gene interaction networks. Furthermore, the investigation of extracellular matrix-related genes showed that genes like collagen and insulin-like growth factor binding protein could clearly distinguish the COPD and normal control. CONCLUSIONS: The genes regulated by ATF3 transcriptional activator as well as ECM-related genes may play an important role in the process of COPD. Our study provides a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of genes and pathways which may be involved in the progression of COPD.

[A clinical analysis of eight proven cases of pulmonary mucormycosis].

OBJECTIVE: To improve the understanding of pulmonary mucormycosis by analyzing the clinical manifestations, imaging features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of this disease. METHODS: The clinical data of eight patients diagnosed as pulmonary mucormycosis by histopathologic examination were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Eight patients included six males and two females with age from 36 days to 66 years. Underlying conditions covered diabetes (n = 4), renal transplantation (n = 3), premature (n = 1) and long-term corticosteroid treatment in two cases. Imaging manifestations revealed multiple irregular lumps or nodules in three cases, multiple cavities with thick wall in three cases, diffuse lung infiltrate in one case and lung opacities in one case. The diagnoses of seven patients were confirmed by percutaneous needle lung biopsy and the remaining one was diagnosed with fiberoptic bronchoscopy biopsy. Surgery combined with amphotericin B liposome (60 mg/d for three weeks) was applied to one patient who was cured with no recurrence after a 22 month follow-up. Three cases were given amphotericin B liposome (a newborn with 7mg/d for 62 days, the other two 60 mg/d for 31 days and 70 mg/d for 71 days respectively). All had achieved marked response with follow up from 8 to 29 months, but one patient relapsed and died of recurrent lung mucormycosis. The other three patients were treated with itraconazole 400-200 mg/d from 21 days to 1 year with duration of follow up from 1 month to 20 months. One patient was not evaluable due to missing. Two patients relapsed and one died. CONCLUSION: Pulmonary mucormycosis is difficult to diagnose and treat with a high mortality. Percutaneous transthoracic lung biopsy is a useful diagnostic method. Amphotericin B liposome or itraconazole may be active against mucus. Early control of causes is essential to improve the prognosis and reduce the recurrence in patients with pulmonary mucormycosis.

Expression of connective tissue growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein-7 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rats.

Repeated intratracheal injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) in male Wistar rats was used to investigate the role of chronic infection in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the possible involvement of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) in this process. Injections of PA or normal saline solution were given for 8 weeks and the rats observed for a further 8 weeks. In addition to arterial blood gas, lung function and lung pathology measurement during this time period, protein and mRNA expression of CTGF and BMP-7 were measured, and the correlation of expression of CTGF and BMP-7 with pathological changes in the lung was evaluated. Repeated intratracheal PA infection in rats caused reduction in body weight, hypoxia, carbon dioxide retention, compromised lung function, chronic inflammation, thickening of the tracheal and arterial walls, and emphysema, changes consistent with those of COPD. Rats with PA infection also had increased CTGF and decreased BMP-7 expression, suggesting that both CTGF and BMP-7 are involved in the occurrence and development of airway remodeling. Our findings suggest that repeated airway infection is not only a factor resulting in deterioration of COPD, but is also a risk factor for its development, and that CTGF and BMP-7 are involved in the pathogenesis of this condition.

[Pulmonary cryptococcosis: analysis of 38 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical features, radiology, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary cryptococcosis. METHODS: A total of 38 cases of pulmonary cryptococcosis, confirmed by pathological examinations at Fuzhou General Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University from March 2003 to February 2010, were retrospectively studied. RESULTS: All of the cases were community-acquired. The patients consisted of 29 males and 9 females, aged from 21 to 70 years. There were no underlying diseases in 29 cases. The CD(4) cell numbers were normal in 20 patients. Radiological study showed that the majority of the lesions (35 cases) were close to the pleura. Lower lungs were often involved (left 21 and right 23). Pulmonary nodules, either solitary nodules (11 cases) or multiple nodules (16 cases), were the most common CT finding. The lesions had a higher standardized uptake value (SUV) in 4 patients with a PET-CT scan. The lung specimens of 33 cases were obtained by CT guided transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy. The disease was cured in 34 cases, and improved in 3 cases, but 1 died. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary cryptococcosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of lesions of the lungs. The disease has some characteristics on radiology, such as multiple lesions, always close to the pleura and occurs frequently in the lower lungs. CT guided percutaneous biopsy is a safe and effective method for diagnosis.

[An experimental study on the safety of intratracheal drug administration].

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether injury and repair occur in the trachea and the lung after intra-tracheal administration of different drugs. METHODS: Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, a normal group, a blank control (BC) group, a normal saline (NS) group, a lidocaine (LD) group and an amikacin (AK) group. For the latter 3 groups, normal saline, lidocaine and amikacin were injected into trachea by needle puncture. Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the ultra-structural changes of the epithelium, and the percentage of the area of damage (PAD) in tracheal mucosa was calculated. Moreover, pathological changes of the mucous membrane of bronchioles and alveolar epithelial cells were also examined, and the degree of lung pathology was semi-quantified. RESULTS: Two hours after the injection of the 3 drugs, derangement and edema of the cilia were evident by scanning electron microscopy. The PAD of the NS group, the LD group and the AK group were (94.2 ± 3.2)%, (93.1 ± 3.0)% and (95.5 ± 1.8)%, respectively; all being significantly higher than that of the BC group (1.3 ± 0.3)%. For the NS group and the LD group, the PAD decreased significantly after 24 h, which were (73.7 ± 7.8)% and (81.0 ± 4.6)% respectively, and returned to normal at 48 h and 96 h. While for the AK group, the damage began to improve at 72 h [PAD (62.1 ± 5.2)%], and recovered at 96 h. Airway epithelial derangement and cell edema in the alveoli and the bronchioles also occurred 2 h after drug injection, and inflammatory cell infiltration became evident at 24 h. At this time, the score of pathology was 1.80 ± 0.84, 2.60 ± 0.55 and 2.80 ± 0.45 for the NS group, the LD group and the AK group, respectively; all being higher than that of the BC group (0). These pathological changes recovered totally after 72 h for the NS and the LD groups, and 96 h for the AK group. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-tracheal administration of normal saline, lidocaine and amikacin in rats led to reversible airway mucosal and lung tissue damages.

Analysis of underivatized amino acids in geological samples using ion-pairing liquid chromatography and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.

The capability of detecting biomarkers, such as amino acids, in chemically complex field samples is essential to establishing the knowledge required to search for chemical signatures of life in future planetary explorations. However, due to the complexities of in situ investigations, it is important to establish a new analytical scheme that utilizes a minimal amount of sample preparation. This paper reports the feasibility of a novel and sensitive technique, which has been established to quantitate amino acids in terrestrial crust samples directly without derivatization using volatile ion-pairing liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry equipped with an electrospray ionization source. Adequate separation of 20 underivatized amino acids was achieved on a C(18) capillary column within 26 min with nonafluoropentanoic acid (NFPA) as ion-pairing reagent. Each amino acid was identified from its retention time as well as from its characteristic parent-to-daughter ion transition. Using tandem mass spectrometry as a detection technique allows co-elution of some amino acids, as it is more specific than traditional spectrophotometric methods. In the present study, terrestrial samples collected from 3 different locations were analyzed for their water-extractable free amino acid contents, following the removal of metal and organic interferences via ion exchange procedures. This is the first time that amino acids in geological samples were directly determined quantitatively without complicated derivatization steps. Depending on the amino acid, the detection limits varied from 0.02 to 5.7 pmol with the use of a 1 microl sample injection loop.

Photolysis of heptanal.

Photolysis of heptanal is investigated from an experimental and theoretical point of view. Photoexcited heptanal is believed to undergo rapid intersystem crossing to the triplet manifold and from there undergoes internal H-abstraction to form biradical intermediates. The favored gamma-H abstraction pathway can cyclize or cleave to 1-pentene and hydroxyethene, which tautomerizes to acetaldehyde. Yields of 1-pentene and acetaldehyde were measured at 62 +/- 7% and 63 +/- 7%, respectively, relative to photolyzed heptanal. Additionally, small quantities of hexanal and hexanol were observed. On the basis of combined experimental and theoretical evidence, the remaining heptanal photolysis proceeds to form an estimated 10% HCO + hexyl radical and 30% cyclic alcohols, particularly 2-propyl cyclobutanol and 2-ethyl cyclopentanol.

[Study on the value of cytopathology in diagnosis of primary bronchogenic carcinoma of the lung].

BACKGROUND: Pathology is the "gold standard" of the diagnosis of lung cancer, but at present there are few articles about evaluating the value of cytopathological check. The aim of this study is to evaluate the value of cytopathological check in the diagnosis of primary bronchogenic carcinoma of the lung. METHODS: A total of 552 samples' cytopathological results of 248 patients from January 2003 to May 2005 in this hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The samples included pleural fluids (110 for 68 patients), materials from lung puncture (33 for 31 patients), smears of transcatheter bronchial brushing (152 for 138 patients), bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (30 for 26 patients) and sputa (227 for 118 patients). RESULTS: The positive results of different specimens were as follow: the pleural fluids was 69.12%, the materials from lung puncture 67.74%, the smears of transcatheter bronchial brushing 65.22%, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids 23.08% and sputa 21.19% respectively. The positive rates of the pleural fluids, the materials from lung puncture and the smears of transcatheter bronchial brushing were higher than that of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and sputa (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference among the positive rates of the pleural fluids, the materials from lung puncture and the smears of transcatheter bronchial brushing, and between the positive rates of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and sputa (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The cytopathological examination is helpful for the diagnosis of primary bronchogenic carcinoma of the lung, and is one of the important ways to the diagnosis of primary bronchogenic carcinoma of the lung.

Inhibition of lung adenocarcinoma LA795 in mice by recombinant human endostatin.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the inhibitory effect of recombinant human endostatin on tumor growth and metastasis of adenocarcinoma LA795 in mice. METHODS: Recombinant human endostatin was purified rom endostadin-expressing pCX clones. LA795 cells were inoculated subcutaneously on the back of T739 mice, which were randomized into 2 groups. From the tenth day on, treatment group was given 20 mg/kg recombinant human endostatin subcutaneously daily for 14 consecutive days, and the control group received PBS in the same manner. The sizes of the subcutaneous tumors, lung weights, the number of metastases over the lung surface and the survival time of the mice were observed. RESULTS: The tumor sizes of the treatment group in creased slowly from (650+/-201) mm3 to (1 642+/-21) mm3 when compared with those of the control group which showed and increase from (623+/-248) mm3 to (9 194+/-952) mm3. The lung weight of the 2 groups was (190+/-25) mg and (324+/-43) mg respectively, and the number of lung sung surface metastases was 8+/-2 and 22+/-8 for each. The average survival time of the rats in the 2 groups was 48 d and 27 d, respectively. All parameters measured between the 2 groups showed significant differences (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Recom binent human endostatin has strong inhibitory effect on both the growth of primary tumor and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma LA795 cells, and prolongs the survival time of the tumor-bearing mice.