ABSTRACT
The stellate ganglion (SG), as a type of sympathetic ganglion, consists of the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae and the first thoracic sympathetic ganglia. SG block (SGB) is a minimally invasive injection that aims to inject low-concentration local anesthetics to induce a broad sympathetic blocking effect near the SG. There have been no changes and progress in the clinical application of SGB since the 1830s due to several potential risks, including hematoma from blood vessel injury, hoarseness from recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, and cardiopulmonary arrest. The feasibility and safety of SGB have greatly improved since the appearance of ultrasound-guided SGB. In recent years, SGB has been widely applied in the field of non-anesthesiology sedation, with significant therapeutic effects on pain, immunological diseases, somnipathy, psychological disorders, arrhythmias, and endocrine diseases. The present study reviews the present application of SGB in clinical practice.
ABSTRACT
Stabilization/Solidification (S/S) is considered as a feasible technology for the treatment of arsenic (As) in acidic wastewater (AW) and tin mine tailings (TMTs); however, high cost, high carbon footprint, and strict reaction conditions are the main limitations. Herein, a novel alkali-activated geopolymer material (AAGM) for S/S As was synthesized by combining AW, TMT, gypsum (GP), and metakaolin (MK). At room temperature, an initial As concentration of 3914 mg/L, a NaOH content of 4.98%, and an MK content of 20% decreased the As leaching concentration to 1.55 mg/L (<5 mg/L). The main S/S mechanisms of As included physical encapsulation of C-(A)-S-H and geopolymer structures, ion exchange of ettringite, and formation of Fe-As and Ca-As precipitates. Further studies showed that increasing initial As concentration and MK content facilitated the formation of Ca-As precipitates and C-(A)-S-H gels. The semi-dynamic leaching tests revealed that the leaching mechanism of As was surface wash-off. The effective diffusion coefficients of the samples were less than 10-13 cm2/s, and the respective leachability indexes were greater than 9, indicating that AAGM was effective in preventing the leaching of As. Therefore, this study provides a green and low cost solution for the synergistic utilization of AW, TMT, GP, and MK.
Subject(s)
Arsenic , Arsenic/chemistry , Calcium Sulfate , Solid Waste , Tin , WastewaterABSTRACT
The proper treatment of lollingite is of great significance due to its rapid oxidation leading to release of arsenic into the environment. Herein, a green multi-solid waste geopolymer, consisting of red mud, metakaolin, blast furnace slag, and flue gas desulfurization gypsum, was developed. The obtained red mud-metakaolin-based (RMM) geopolymer demonstrated good arsenic retention capability. The results showed that the replacement of SO42- in ettringite with AsO42- via ion exchange, formation of Ca-As and Fe-As precipitates, and physical encapsulation with aluminosilicate gel were the main mechanisms that prevented the release of arsenic. Further dissolution of ettringite in RMM was alleviated by adding a suitable amount of Ca(OH)2 and controlling the pH of the leachate. TCLP results verified that RMM materials possessed an outstanding ability to stabilize arsenic, with a leaching rate below the permitted value of 5 mg/L for safe disposal. The low leachability of the RMM geopolymers (<0.50 mg/L) is potentially related to the pH buffering capacity of the hydration products at a pH range of 2-5. RMM geopolymers showed a high compressive strength (>15 MPa) and low arsenic leaching concentration (<2.66 mg/L) after 28 days of curing. These results demonstrate the potential of RMM geopolymers to be utilized as an environmentally friendly backfilling cementitious material for sustainable remediation of arsenic pollution.
