Photocatalytic Decarboxylative [2 + 2 + m] Cyclization of 1,7-Enynes Mediated by Tricyclohexylphosphine and Potassium Iodide.

A novel photocatalytic decarboxylative [2 + 2 + m] cyclization of 1,7-enynes with alkyl N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHP) esters, using tricyclohexylphosphine and potassium iodide as redox catalysts, is reported for the construction of functional polycyclic compounds. This protocol tolerates primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl NHP esters through a single reaction via decarbonylation, radical addition, C-H functionalization, and cyclization under mild conditions.

Lethal and sublethal effects of spinosad on Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

As a selective biological insecticide, spinosad has been used widely for the control of pests including beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). To form effective pest control strategies, lethal and sublethal effects should be considered for a complete analysis of spinosad impact. However, few studies have been reported to investigate sublethal effects of spinosad on S. exigua. This study attempts to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of spinosad on this pest by recording and analyzing various toxicological and physiological parameters. The toxicity of spinosad against S. exigua was determined under laboratory conditions by oral exposure of late second-instar larvae to the compound. The LC50 values of spinosad to S. exigua at 48 and 72 h after treatment were 0.317 and 0.293 mg x kg(-1), respectively. Spinosad at sublethal concentrations significantly extended the developmental period of survivor larvae, and reduced larval wet weight. Postexposure effects were indicated by decreased pupation ratio and pupal weight, by prolonged prepupal and pupal periods and by decreased emergence ratio, fecundity and longevity of adults. The net replacement rate (Ro) tended to be lower in the exposed spinosad groups than those in the unexposed spinosad group. Intrinsic rate of population increase (r(m)) for the high-dose group (0.365) was significantly lower than the control (0.521) and the low-dose group (0.521), but the latter two were not significantly difference. These results suggest that the combination of lethal and sublethal effects of spinosad might affect S. exigua population dynamics significantly by decreasing its survival and reproduction, and by delaying its development.

Gastric cancer incidence and mortality in Zhuanghe, China, between 2005 and 2010.

AIM: To investigate the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer (GC) in Zhuanghe region, northeast China and the influencing factors for their changing trends. METHODS: All new cancer cases and deaths registered from 2005 to 2010 in Zhuanghe County were reviewed. The annual GC cases, constituent ratio, crude rates, age-standardized rates, their sex and age distribution and temporal trends were assessed. The method of annual percentage change (APC) was used to estimate the trends of GC. RESULTS: Altogether 2634 new cases of GC and 1722 related deaths were registered, which accounted for 21.04% and 19.13% of all cancer-related incidence and deaths, respectively. The age-standardized incidence rate steadily decreased from 57.48 in 2005 to 44.53 in 2010 per 10(5) males, and from 18.13 to 14.70 per 10(5) females, resulting in a APC of -5.81% for males and -2.89% for females over the entire period. The magnitude of APC in GC mortality amounted to -11.09% and -15.23%, respectively, as the age-standardized mortality rate steadily decreased from 42.08 in 2005 to 23.71 in 2010 per 10(5) males, and from 23.86 to 10.78 per 10(5) females. Females had a significantly lower incidence (a male/female ratio 2.80, P < 0.001) and mortality (a male/female ratio 2.30, P < 0.001). In both genders, the peak incidence and mortality occurred in the 80-84 years age group. The age-standardized mortality/incidence ratio also decreased from the peak of 0.73 in 2005 to 0.53 in 2010 for males, and from 1.32 to 0.73 for females. CONCLUSION: Encouraging declines of incidence and mortality of GC were observed in Zhuanghe region between 2005 and 2010, possibly due to the economic development and efficient GC control strategies.

[Analysis of mortal risk factors in 12 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors in the dead patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). METHODS: The retrospective analyses were made on 12 dead cases and 32 recovered cases with SARS. RESULTS: The mean age was 67 years old in 12 dead cases with SARS and was 42 in recovered control group. There were 1-5 other basic diseases in 5 cases of death group. The states of dead patients were severe and the deterioration of patients' condition was rapid. The CD 4 and CD 8 T lymphocytes in peripheral blood were (416.6+/-235.0) cells/microl and (296.1+/-181.5)cells/microl in survival patients and (143.8+/-78.1)cells/microl, (103.6+/-63.2) cells/microl in dead patients, they often decreased compared to the normal values, especially in dead cases. Five cases were infected with bacteria in 12 dead cases, among them 3 were infected with fungus and 2 were septicemia. In dead group, the occurrence rates of electrolyte maladjustment and kidney injury were 41.67 percent. Invasive ventilation was used in 10 cases and death rate was 80.0 percent, among them 5 patients were infected with bacteria. None was dead in the patients with non-invasive ventilation. CONCLUSION: The age and basic diseases are the main mortal risk factors in SARS. Other risk factors include the decline of immune function, secondary infection, complications and use of invasive ventilation.