A FRET chemsensor based on graphene quantum dots for detecting and intracellular imaging of Hg²âº.

The detection of Hg(2+) has attracted considerable attention because of the serious health and environmental problems caused by it. Herein, a novel ratiometric fluorescent chemsensor (GQDs-SR) based on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) process for detecting of Hg(2+) was designed and synthesized with rhodamine derivative covalently linked onto graphene quantum dots. In this sensor, the graphene quantum dots (GQDs) served as energy donor and the rhodamine derivative turned into an energy acceptor when encountered Hg(2+). The chemsensor exhibited high selectivity, low cytotoxicity, biocompatibility and good water solubility. The results of intracellular imaging experiment demonstrated that GQDs-SR was cell permeable and could be used for monitoring Hg(2+) in living cells, and it was also successfully applied to the detection of Hg(2+) in practical water samples.

A novel dual-switch fluorescent probe for Cr(III) ion based on PET-FRET processes.

Two different strategies for photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) have been designed and combined into one sensing system. The novel probe NNRhB was developed based on 1,8-naphthalimide and rhodamine moieties, in which two fluorophores are sensitive to the presence of Cr(3+) in different chromium ion concentration regimens. Therefore, the proposed sensing system represents dual-switch states and segmented detection behavior, with the fluorescence emission color spans from green to orange over an increasing Cr(3+) concentration gradient. When excited in the visible region, the initial emission band at 537 nm was enhanced. That was attributed to the suppression of the PET process, which arose from Cr(3+)-coordination with a 1,8-naphthalimide derivative. At a sufficiently high concentration of Cr(3+) (over 9 µM), the spirolactam rhodamine component in NNRhB converted to the opened form as a result of Cr(3+) coordination, which turned the emission color from green to orange via FRET. The fluorescence phenomena of the compound 1 and compound 2 split from compound NNRhB confirm our hypothesis of the spectral response mechanisms. Moreover, compared with a single fluorescent response in compound 1 or compound 2, the dual-switch fluorescent probe NNRhB shows a more sensitive and distinct visual detection ability for Cr(3+) ions. This probe affords a high selectivity and sensitivity to Cr(3+) from 30 nM to 80 µM; the detection limit was 0.14 nM. The results of practical application experiments suggest that the Cr(3+)-selective ligand prepared here may provide an effective strategy for detection of Cr(3+) in environmental and biological applications.