[Characterization of mid-subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest gap based on light detection and ranging (LiDAR)].

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is an active remote sensing technology for acqui- ring three-dimensional structure parameters of vegetation canopy with high accuracy over multiple spatial scales, which is greatly important to the promotion of forest disturbance ecology and the ap- plication on gaps. This paper focused on mid-subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest in Hunan Province, and small footprint LiDAR point data were adopted to identify canopy gaps. and measure geomagnetic characteristics of gaps. The optimal grid model resolution and interpolation methods were chosen to generate canopy height model, and the computer graphics processing was adopted to estimate characteristics of gaps which involved gap size, canopy height and gap shape index, then field investigation was utilized to validate the estimation results. The results showed that the gap rec- ognition rate was 94.8%, and the major influencing factors were gap size and gap maker type. Line- ar correlation was observed between LiDAR estimation and field investigation, and the R² values of gap size and canopy height case were 0.962 and 0.878, respectively. Compared with field investiga- tion, the size of mean estimated gap was 19.9% larger and the mean estimated canopy height was 9.9% less. Gap density was 12.8 gaps · hm⁻² and the area of gaps occupied 13.3% of the forest area. The average gap size, canopy height and gap shape index were 85.06 m², 15.33 m and 1.71, respectively. The study site usually contained small gaps in which the edge effect was not obvious.

[Genotyping of 210 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with Spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR among pediatric tuberculosis patients in Chongqing].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the application of spacer oligonucleotide typing (Spoligotyping) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) analysis in the molecular-epidemiological study of tuberculosis and to discuss the characteristics of pediatric Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis strains in Chongqing. METHODS: M. tuberculosis strains isolated and typed by Spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR respectively, from the children patients in Chongqing and to compare the results from both methods, epidemiologically. RESULTS: By means of Spoligotyping, 210 clinical isolates were divided into 2 gene groups, displaying 44 genotypes. Among them, the biggest group was M. tuberculosis Beijing family, including 130 strains (61.90%), using the Spoligotyping. From the results of MIRU-VNTR, 24 loci showed different polymorphism and the HGI of different loci set (12 old loci, 15 basic loci and 24-loci set) increased accordingly. The subtle difference in HGI was originated from one locus ETR-B, which was included in the 24-locus system. The diversity of each loci and MIRU-VNTR set for non-Beijing genotype strains was higher than that of the Beijing genotype strains. CONCLUSION: In this study, it was preliminarily confirmed the existence of high polymorphism of M. tuberculosis while the Beijing Family was the main genotype and main prevalent strain in children of Chongqing area. Spoligotyping prior to 15-locus with ETR-B combination seemed more suitable for the massive epidemiological investigation of pediatric tuberculosis patients.