ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study investigated the frequency and absolute numbers of different subsets of peripheral blood cells, including CD4+ T cells and CD19+ interleukin (IL) 10+ B regulatory cells (Breg) and their potential association with clinical laboratory measurements in children diagnosed with simple asthma or asthma plus allergic rhinitis (AR). METHOD: The frequency and numbers of peripheral blood CD4+ interferon (IFN) gamma+ T-helper (Th) type 1, CD4+ IL-4+ Th2, CD4+ IL-17A+ Th17, CD4+CD25+ Forkhead Box P3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and CD19+ IL-10+ Bregs in 22 children with asthma, 17 children with asthma and AR, and 25 healthy controls were determined by flow cytometry. The levels of serum cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: In comparison with healthy controls, patients with asthma alone had significantly increased numbers of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, and their cytokines but decreased numbers of Tregs and Bregs, and the cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta 1. This imbalance between effector and regulatory cells and their cytokines further increased in patients with asthma and AR. The ratios of percentage effector T cells (Th1 + Th2 + Th17) to regulatory cells (Treg + Breg) were positively correlated with fractional exhaled nitric oxide but negatively correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second in patients with asthma or asthma plus AR. CONCLUSION: The imbalance of effector T cells and regulatory cells contributed to the pathogenesis of airway inflammation of asthma and AR in children.
Subject(s)
Asthma/blood , B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology , Rhinitis, Allergic/blood , Antigens, CD19 , Asthma/etiology , Asthma/pathology , Case-Control Studies , Child , Child, Preschool , Cytokines/blood , Forced Expiratory Volume , Humans , Inflammation , Interleukin-10 , Lymphocyte Count , Rhinitis, Allergic/etiology , Rhinitis, Allergic/pathology , T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer , T-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the activities' alteration of the proteasome in neurons of cortex and its relation with delayed neuron death after reperfusion following ischemia. METHODS: 20 minutes transient global ischemia rat model was used. Following different reperfusion period, all the 50 rats were divided into 5 groups, sham-operation group, 0.5 hour recovery group, 4 hours recovery group, 24 hours recovery group and 72 hours recovery group, 10 rats each group. Suc-llvy-amc was used as substrate for measuring proteasome's activities. Delayed neuron death after reperfusion following ischemia was observed under light microscope by HE staining. Proteasome's distribution was observed under laser scanning confocal microscope after immuno-histo-chemical staining. RESULTS: The proteasome activity of sham group was 54 602 +/- 1602, and that of 0.5 h reperfusion following ischemia was 42,036 +/- 1465 (compared with sham group, P < 0.01). Although the proteasome activity temporarily recovered to 47,536 +/- 2532 (P < 0.05) after 4 h reperfusion, it still decreased to 45,450 +/- 649 (P < 0.01) after 24 h reperfusion, and to 43,108 +/- 995 (P < 0.01) after 72 h reperfusion. HE staining showed that parts of neurons in the cortex died after 72 hours reperfusion. Under laser scanning microscope, we could observe that after 24 hours reperfusion, proteasome in both nucleus and cytoplasma significantly decreased; after 72 hours reperfusion, proteasome almost disappeared totally in nucleus and only a small part of proteasome still existed in cytoplasm. CONCLUSIONS: Decreasing of the proteasome's activities is an important factor for delayed neuron death after reperfusion following ischemia.
