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1.
Molecules ; 24(6)2019 Mar 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30897728

ABSTRACT

The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of the immunological activity of various parts (root/stem/leaf/flower/seed) of five-year-old ginseng on the immune system of immunosuppressive mice. Immunosuppression was induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) in the mouse model, whereas levamisole hydrochloride tablet (LTH) was used for the positive control group. We found that ginseng root (GRT), ginseng leaf (GLF), and ginseng flower (GFR) could relieve immunosuppression by increased viability of NK cells, enhanced immune organ index, improved cell-mediated immune response, increased content of CD4⁺ and ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺, and recovery of macrophage function, including carbon clearance, phagocytic rate, and phagocytic index, in immunodeficient mice. However, ginseng stem (GSM) and ginseng seed (GSD) could only enhance the thymus indices, carbon clearance, splenocyte proliferation, NK cell activities, and the level of IL-4 in immunosuppressed mice. In CTX-injected mice, GRT and GFR remarkably increased the protein expression of Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, SOD1, SOD2, and CAT in the spleen. As expected, oral administration of GRT and GFR markedly enhanced the production of cytokines, such as IL-1ß, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, compared with the CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice, and GRT and GFR did this relatively better than GSM, GLF, and GSD. This study provides a theoretical basis for further study on different parts of ginseng.


Subject(s)
Cyclophosphamide/toxicity , Immunosuppressive Agents/toxicity , Panax/chemistry , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Animals , Body Weight/drug effects , CD4 Antigens/metabolism , CD8 Antigens/metabolism , Flowers/chemistry , Immunocompromised Host , Immunosuppression Therapy , Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Phagocytosis/drug effects , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Sheep
2.
Molecules ; 24(5)2019 Mar 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30823679

ABSTRACT

Suppressive effects of ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2), (24R)-pseudo-ginsenoside HQ (R-PHQ), and (24S)-pseudo-ginsenoside HQ (S-PHQ) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression-like behavior were evaluated using the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in mice. Pretreatment with Rh2, R-PHQ, and S-PHQ significantly decreased immobility time in FST and TST with clear dose-dependence, and significantly downregulated levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, and upregulated superoxide dismutase activity in the hippocampus of LPS-challenged mice. Furthermore, R-PHQ and S-PHQ significantly increased the expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), sirtuin type 1 (Sirt1), and nuclear-related factor 2, and inhibited the phosphorylation of inhibitor of κB-α and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the hippocampus of LPS-challenged mice. Additionally, the antidepressant-like effect of R-PHQ was found related to the dopaminergic (DA), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic, and noradrenaline systems, while the antidepressive effect of S-PHQ was involved in the DA and GABAergic systems. Taken together, these results suggested that Rh2, R-PHQ, and S-PHQ produced significant antidepressant-like effects, which may be related to the BDNF/TrkB and Sirt1/NF-κB signaling pathways.


Subject(s)
Antidepressive Agents/administration & dosage , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Depression/drug therapy , Ginsenosides/administration & dosage , Animals , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics , Depression/chemically induced , Depression/genetics , Depression/physiopathology , Disease Models, Animal , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Hindlimb Suspension , Humans , Interleukin-6/genetics , Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity , Mice , NF-kappa B/genetics , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Swimming , Triterpenes/administration & dosage , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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