ABSTRACT
The structures of both native and S139A holo-HCV NS3/4A protease domain were solved to high resolution. Subsequently, structures were determined for a series of ketoamide inhibitors in complex with the protease. The changes in the inhibitor potency were correlated with changes in the buried surface area upon binding the inhibitor to the active site. The largest contributions to the binding energy arise from the hydrophobic interactions of the P1 and P2 groups as they bind to the S1 and S2 pockets. This correlation of the changes in potency with increased buried surface area contributed directly to the design of a potent tripeptide inhibitor of the HCV NS3/4A protease, which is currently in clinical trials.
Subject(s)
Hepacivirus/enzymology , Proline/analogs & derivatives , Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Proline/chemistryABSTRACT
Posaconazole (SCH 56592) is a novel triazole antifungal drug that is marketed in Europe and the United States under the trade name 'Noxafil' for prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections. SCH 56592 was discovered as a possible active metabolite of SCH 51048, an earlier lead. Initial studies have shown that serum concentrations determined by a microbiological assay were higher than those determined by HPLC from animals dosed with SCH 51048. Subsequently, several animals species were dosed with (3)H-SCH 51048 and the serum was analyzed for total radioactivity, SCH 51048 concentration and antifungal activity. The antifungal activity was higher than that expected based on SCH 51048 serum concentrations, confirming the presence of active metabolite(s). Metabolite profiling of serum samples at selected time intervals pinpointed the peak that was suspected to be the active metabolite. Consequently, (3)H-SCH 51048 was administered to a large group of mice, the serum was harvested and the metabolite was isolated by extraction and semipreparative HPLC. LC-MS/MS analysis suggested that the active metabolite is a secondary alcohol with the hydroxyl group in the aliphatic side chain of SCH 51048. All corresponding monohydroxylated diastereomeric mixtures were synthesized and characterized. The HPLC retention time and LC-MS/MS spectra of the diastereomeric secondary alcohols of SCH 51048 were similar to those of the isolated active metabolite. Finally, all corresponding individual monohydroxylated diasteriomers were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro and in vivo antifungal potencies, as well as pharmacokinetics. SCH 56592 emerged as the candidate with the best overall profile.
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/analysis , Antifungal Agents/pharmacokinetics , Mass Spectrometry , Triazoles/analysis , Triazoles/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Antifungal Agents/blood , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Dogs , Drug Design , Macaca fascicularis , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains , Rabbits , Triazoles/bloodABSTRACT
The structures of both the native holo-HCV NS3/4A protease domain and the protease domain with a serine 139 to alanine (S139A) mutation were solved to high resolution. Subsequently, structures were determined for a series of ketoamide inhibitors in complex with the protease. The changes in the inhibitor potency were correlated with changes in the buried surface area upon binding the inhibitor to the active site. The largest contribution to the binding energy arises from the hydrophobic interactions of the P1 and P2 groups as they bind to the S1 and S2 pockets [the numbering of the subsites is as defined in Berger, A.; Schechter, I. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 1970, 257, 249-264]. This correlation of the changes in potency with increased buried surface area contributed directly to the design of a potent tripeptide inhibitor of the HCV NS3/4A protease that is currently in clinical trials.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/chemical synthesis , Carrier Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Carrier Proteins/chemistry , Hepacivirus/enzymology , Proline/analogs & derivatives , Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/chemistry , Viral Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Viral Proteins/chemistry , Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Binding Sites , Crystallography, X-Ray , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins , Models, Molecular , Proline/chemical synthesis , Proline/chemistry , Protein Conformation , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the major cause of chronic liver disease, leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which affects more than 170 million people worldwide. Currently the only therapeutic regimens are subcutaneous interferon-alpha or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-interferon-alpha alone or in combination with oral ribavirin. Although combination therapy is reasonably successful with the majority of genotypes, its efficacy against the predominant genotype (genotype 1) is moderate at best, with only about 40% of the patients showing sustained virological response. Herein, the SAR leading to the discovery of 70 (SCH 503034), a novel, potent, selective, orally bioavailable NS3 protease inhibitor that has been advanced to clinical trials in human beings for the treatment of hepatitis C viral infections is described. X-ray structure of inhibitor 70 complexed with the NS3 protease and biological data are also discussed.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/chemical synthesis , Hepacivirus/enzymology , Proline/analogs & derivatives , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Administration, Oral , Animals , Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Antiviral Agents/pharmacokinetics , Area Under Curve , Binding Sites , Biological Availability , Crystallography, X-Ray , Dogs , Haplorhini , Molecular Structure , Proline/chemical synthesis , Proline/chemistry , Proline/pharmacokinetics , Rats , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tissue Distribution , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/chemistryABSTRACT
Introduction of various modified prolines at P(2) and optimization of the P(1) side chain led to the discovery of SCH6 (24, Table 2), a potent ketoamide inhibitor of the HCV NS3 serine protease. In addition to excellent enzyme potency (K(i)*= 3.8 nM), 24 was also found to be a potent inhibitor of HCV subgenomic RNA replication with IC(50) and IC(90) of 40 and 100 nM, respectively. Recently, antiviral activity of 24 was demonstrated with inhibition of the full-length genotype 2a HCV genome. In addition, 24 was found to restore the responsiveness of the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) in cells containing HCV RNA replicons.
Subject(s)
Amides/chemistry , Amides/pharmacology , Genome, Viral/genetics , Hepacivirus/drug effects , Oligopeptides/chemistry , Oligopeptides/pharmacology , Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism , Animals , Haplorhini , Hepacivirus/enzymology , Hepacivirus/genetics , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , RNA, Viral/genetics , Rats , Serine Endopeptidases/chemistry , Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/chemistry , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
As part of a detailed study, the syntheses, biological activities, and pharmacokinetic properties of hydroxylated analogues of the previously described broad spectrum antifungal agents, Sch 51048 (1), Sch 50001 (3), and Sch 50002 (4), are described. Based on an overall superior profile, one of the alcohols, Sch 56592 (2), was selected for clinical studies.
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , Triazoles/chemistry , Triazoles/chemical synthesis , Triazoles/pharmacology , Alcohols , Animals , Antifungal Agents/chemistry , Aspergillosis/drug therapy , Candidiasis/drug therapy , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Design , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Haplorhini , Humans , Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology , Mice , Models, Chemical , Time Factors , Triazoles/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
The hepatitis C virus proteinase inhibitor 4-methyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-2,6-pyridinedione 1 undergoes a novel autoxidation process, on silica gel, leading to the dimer 2 as the major product, a relatively more potent inhibitor of the enzyme.
