Apolipoprotein E E3/E4 genotype is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with coronary artery disease.

OBJECTIVE: Dyslipidemia is a co-existing problem in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD), and apolipoprotein E (APOE) plays an important role in lipid metabolism. However, the relationship between the APOE gene polymorphisms and the risk of developing CAD in type 2 DM (T2DM) patients remains controversial. The aim of this study was to assess this relationship and provide a reference for further risk assessment of CAD in T2DM patients. METHODS: The study included 378 patients with T2DM complicated with CAD (T2DM + CAD) and 431 patients with T2DM alone in the case group, and 351 individuals without DM and CAD were set as controls. The APOE rs429358 and rs7412 polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - microarray. Differences in APOE genotypes and alleles between patients and controls were compared. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), history of smoking, and history of drinking to access the relationship between APOE genotypes and T2DM + CAD risk. RESULTS: The frequencies of the APOE ɛ3/ɛ4 genotype and ε4 allele were higher in the T2DM + CAD patients, and the frequencies of the APOE ɛ3/ɛ3 genotype and ε3 allele were lower than those in the controls (all p < 0.05). The T2DM + CAD patients with ɛ4 allele had higher level in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) than those in patients with ɛ2 and ɛ3 allele (p < 0.05). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that age ≥ 60 years old, and BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2 were independent risk factors for T2DM and T2DM + CAD, and APOE ɛ3/ɛ4 genotype (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.18-3.14, p = 0.008) and ɛ4 allele (adjusted OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.23-3.17) were independent risk factors for T2DM + CAD. However, the APOE genotypes and alleles were not found to have relationship with the risk of T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: APOE ε3/ε4 genotype and ε4 allele were independent risk factors for T2DM complicated with CAD, but not for T2DM.

Plasma metabolomics for the assessment of the progression of non-small cell lung cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading type of lung cancer with a high mortality rate worldwide. Although many procedures for the diagnosis and prognosis assessment of lung cancer exist, they are often laborious, expensive, and invasive. This study aimed to develop an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)-based analysis method for the plasma biomarkers of NSCLC with the potential to indicate the stages and progression of this malignancy conveniently and reliably. METHODS: A total of 53 patients with NSCLC in early stages (I-III) and advanced stage (IV) were classified into the early and advanced groups based on the tumor node metastasis staging system. A comprehensive metabolomic analysis of plasma from patients with NSCLC was performed via UPLC-MS/MS. Principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis were conducted for statistical analysis. Potential biomarkers were evaluated and screened through receiver operating characteristic analyses and correlation analysis. Main differential metabolic pathways were also identified by utilizing metaboanalyst. RESULTS: A total of 129 differential metabolites were detected in accordance with the criteria of VIP ≥ 1 and a P-value of ≤ 0.05. The receiver operating characteristic curves indicated that 11 of these metabolites have the potential to be promising markers of disease progression. Apparent correlated metabolites were also filtered out. Furthermore, the 11 most predominant metabolic pathways with alterations involved in NSCLC were identified. CONCLUSION: Our study focused on the plasma metabolomic changes in patients with NSCLC. These changes may be used for the prediction of the stage and progression of NSCLC. Moreover, we discussed the metabolic pathways wherein the altered metabolites were mainly enriched.

Tubeimoside-I sensitizes temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma cells to chemotherapy by reducing MGMT expression and suppressing EGFR induced PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB-mediated signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, World Health Organization [WHO] grade IV) is one of the malignant Central Nerve System (CNS) tumors with high incidence rate and poor prognosis. The use of alkylating agents, such as temozolomide (TMZ), has been the main method of cytotoxic therapy for glioma patients for decades. However, TMZ resistance may be one of the major reasons for treatment failure, so far. In searching for effective agents to reverse TMZ resistance, we found that Tubeimoside-I (TBMS1), a saponin from traditional Chinese medicine, Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim.) Franquet, showed activities of reversing TMZ resistance of GBM. However, the ability of TBMS1 enhancing the chemosensitivity of GBM has been rarely studied, and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. PURPOSE: This study purposes to reveal the synergistic effects and mechanism of TBMS1 and TMZ against TMZ-resistant GBM cells. METHODS: CCK8 assay was used to investigate the anti-proliferative effects on grade IV glioblastoma human T98G and U118 MG cells. Cell proliferation was determined by EdU assay and clonogenic assay after TMZ plus TBMS1 treatment. Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. DNA damage and DNA Double Strand Break (DSB) were assessed by cleaved Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), γH2AX Foci Assay and Comet Assay, respectively. Expression of proteins associated with apoptosis and DNA repair enzymes were measured by Western blot analysis. The prognostic significance of key proteins of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) induced PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway was analyzed using GEPIA (http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn) and validated by Western blotting. RESULTS: Here we demonstrated that TBMS1 sensitized TMZ-resistant T98G and U118 MG glioblastoma cells to chemotherapy and exhibited promotion of apoptosis and inhibition on cell viability, proliferation and clone formation. Coefficient of drug in interaction (CDI) values showed a notable synergistic effect between TBMS1 and TMZ. Moreover, we observed that combination of TBMS1 and TMZ induced apoptosis was accompanied by robust DSB, γH2AX Foci formation and increasing cleaved PARP, as well as the heightened ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, cleavages of caspase-3 and caspase-9. In addition, the synergistic anti-glioma effect between TBMS1 and TMZ was intimately related to the reduction of MGMT expression in TMZ-resistant GBM cells. Moreover, it was also associated with attenuated expression of EGFR, p-PI3K-p85, p-Akt (Ser473), p-mTOR (Ser2481) and p-NF-κB p65(Ser536), which implying deactivation of the EGFR induced PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: We first demonstrated that synergistic effects of TBMS1 and TMZ induced apoptosis in GBM cells through reducing MGMT expression and inhibiting the EGFR induced PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway. This study provides a rationale for combined application of TMZ and TBMS1 as a potential chemotherapeutic treatment for MGMT+ GBM patients.

Mechanism of N-Methyl-N-Nitroso-Urea-Induced Gastric Precancerous Lesions in Mice.

Early diagnosis and treatment of gastric precancerous lesions (GPL) are key factors for reducing the incidence and morbidity of gastric cancer. The study is aimed at examining GPL in mice induced by N-methyl-N-nitroso-urea (MNU) and to illustrate the underlying mechanisms of tumorigenesis. In this study, we utilized an in vivo MNU-induced GPL mouse model, and histopathological changes of the gastric mucosa were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E-stain) and alcian blue (AB-PAS-stain). The level of miR-194-5p in the gastric mucosa was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. We used transmission electron microscopy to observe the effects of MNU on gastric chief cells and parietal cells. We performed immunohistochemical detection of HIF-1α, vWF, Ki-67, and P53, while the changes in the protein expression of key genes in LKB1-AMPK and AKT-FoxO3 signaling pathways were detected by western blot analysis. We demonstrated that the miR-194-5p expression was upregulated under hypoxia in GPL gastric tissues, and that a high miR-194-5p expression level closely related with tumorigenesis. Mechanistically, miR-194-5p exerted the acceleration of activities related to metabolic reprogramming through LKB1-AMPK and AKT-FoxO3 pathways. Furthermore, similar to miR-194-5p, high expression levels of AMPK and AKT were also related to the metabolic reprogramming of GPL. Moreover, we revealed the correlation between the expression levels of miR-194-5p, p-AMPKα, p-AKT, and FoxO3a. These findings suggest that miR-194-5p/FoxO3 pathway is important for the reversal of metabolic reprogramming in GPL. Thus, exploring strategies to regulate the miR-194-5p/FoxO3a pathway may provide an efficient strategy for the prevention and treatment of GPL.

Analysis on the correlation between the occurrence of vertebral artery ostium stenosis and the severity of osteoporosis in elderly patients with atherosclerosis.

To analyze the correlation between the occurrence of vertebral artery ostium stenosis (VAOS) and the severity of osteoporosis in elderly patients with atherosclerosis (AS), and disclose the physiopathologic mechanism of the correlation between VAOS and osteoporosis. 120 patients were divided into two groups. The baseline data of both groups were collected. The biochemical indicators of patients in both groups were collected. The EpiData database was established to enter all the data into the database for statistical analysis. There were significant differences in the incidence of dyslipidemia among risk factors of cardia-cerebrovascular disease (P<0.05). LDL-C, Apoa and Apob were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). BMD, T-value and Ca in the observation group were significantly lower than the control group, while BALP and serum phosphorus in the observation group were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). The more severe the VAOS stenosis, the higher the incidence of osteoporosis, and there was a statistical difference in the risk of osteoporosis among different VAOS stenosis degrees (P<0.05). Apolipoprotein A, B and LDL-C in blood lipids are important factors affecting the development of bone and artery diseases. There is a significant correlation between VAOS and the severity of osteoporosis. The pathological calcification process of VAOS has many similarities with the process of bone metabolism and osteogenesis, and shows preventable and reversible physiological characteristics.

Prognostic value of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in neoadjuvant chemotherapy for solid tumors: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Previous research indicates that the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) may be an indicator of poor prognosis in many tumor types. However, the PLR is rarely described in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for solid tumors. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the prognostic value of this ratio for patients with solid tumors treated by NAC. METHODS: A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted using the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases, followed by a manual search of references from the retrieved articles. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CIs) were used to evaluate the association between PLR and 3 outcomes, namely, overall survival, disease-free survival, and pathological complete response rate after NAC. RESULTS: Eighteen studies published no earlier than 2014 were included in our study. A lower PLR was associated with better overall survival (HR = 1.46, 95% CI, 1.11-1.92) and favorable disease-free survival (HR = 1.81, 95% CI, 1.27-2.59). A PLR that was higher than a certain cutoff was associated with a lower pathological complete response rate in patients with cancer who received NAC (Odds ratio = 1.93, 95% CI, 1.40-2.87). CONCLUSION: Elevated PLR is associated with poor prognosis in various solid tumors. PLR may be a useful biomarker in delineating those patients with poorer prognoses who may benefit from neoadjuvant therapies.

Genetic dissection of grain water content and dehydration rate related to mechanical harvest in maize.

BACKGROUND: The low grain water content (GWC) at harvest is a prerequisite to mechanical harvesting in maize, or otherwise would cause massive broken kernels and increase drying costs. The GWC at harvest in turn depends on GWC at the physiological maturity (PM) stage and grain dehydration rate (GDR). Both GWC and GDR are very complex traits, governed by multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) and easily influenced by environmental conditions. So far, a number of experiments have been conducted to reveal numbers of GWC and GDR QTL, however, very few QTL have been confirmed, and no QTL has been fine-mapped or even been cloned. RESULTS: We demonstrated that GWCs after PM were positively correlated with GWC at PM, whereas negatively with GDRs after PM. With a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, we identified totally 31 QTL related to GWC and 17 QTL related to GDR in three field trials. Seven GWC QTL were consistently detected in at least two of the three field trials, each of which could explain 6.92-24.78% of the total GWC variation. Similarly, one GDR QTL was consistently detected, accounting for 9.44-14.46% of the total GDR variation. Three major GWC QTL were found to overlap with three GDR QTL in bins 1.05/06, 2.06/07, and 3.05, respectively. One of the consistent GWC QTL, namely qGwc1.1, was fine-mapped from a 27.22 Mb to a 2.05 Mb region by using recombinant-derived progeny test. The qGwc1.1 acted in a semi-dominant manner to reduce GWC by 1.49-3.31%. CONCLUSIONS: A number of consistent GWC and GDR QTL have been identified, and one of them, QTL-qGwc1.1, was successfully refined into a 2.05 Mb region. Hence, it is realistic to clone the genes underlying the GWC and GDR QTL and to make use of them in breeding of maize varieties with low GWC at harvest.

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Rg3) Ameliorates Gastric Precancerous Lesions in Atp4a-/- Mice via Inhibition of Glycolysis through PI3K/AKT/miRNA-21 Pathway.

Gastric cancer, one of the most common types of cancers, develops over a series of consecutive histopathological stages. As such, the analysis and research of the gastric precancerous lesions (GPLs) play an important role in preventing the occurrence of gastric cancer. Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), an herbal medicine, plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of various cancers. Studies have demonstrated a correlation between glycolysis and gastric cancer progression. Herein, the aim of the present study was to clarify the potential role for glycolysis pathogenesis in Rg3-treated GPL in Atp4a-/- mice. The GPL mice model showed chronic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and more atypical hyperplasia in gastric mucosa. According to the results of HE and AB-PAS staining, it could be confirmed that GPL mice were obviously reversed by Rg3. Additionally, the increased protein levels of PI3K, AKT, mTOR, HIF-1α, LDHA, and HK-II, which are crucial factors for evaluating GPL in the aspect of glycolysis pathogenesis in the model group, were downregulated by Rg3. Meanwhile, the miRNA-21 expression was decreased and upregulated by Rg3. Furthermore, the increased gene levels of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 were attenuated in Rg3-treated GPL mice. In conclusion, the findings of this study imply that abnormal glycolysis in GPL mice was relieved by Rg3 via regulation of the expressions of PI3K, AKT, mTOR, HIF-1α, LDHA, HK-II, and miRNA-21. Rg3 is an effective supplement for GPL treatment and can be harnessed to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of GPL cells.

Dynamic characterization of intestinal metaplasia in the gastric corpus mucosa of Atp4a-deficient mice.

Parietal cells of the gastric mucosa contain a complex and extensive secretory membrane system that harbors gastric H+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), the enzyme primarily responsible for gastric lumen acidification. Here, we describe the characterization of mice deficient in the H+, K+-ATPase α subunit (Atp4a-/-) to determine the role of this protein in the biosynthesis of this membrane system and the biology of the gastric mucosa. Atp4a-/- mice were produced by gene targeting. Wild-type (WT) and Atp4a-/- mice, paired for age, were examined at 10, 12, 14 and 16 weeks for histopathology, and the expression of mucin 2 (MUC2), α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), Ki-67 and p53 proteins was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. For further information, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated-protein kinase B (p-AKT), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) were detected by Western blotting. Compared with the WT mice, hypochlorhydric Atp4a-/- mice developed parietal cell atrophy and significant antral inflammation (lymphocyte infiltration) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) with elevated MUC2 expression. Areas of dysplasia in the Atp4a-/- mouse stomach showed increased AMACR and Ki-67 expression. Consistent with elevated antral proliferation, tissue isolated from Atp4a-/- mice showed elevated p53 expression. Next, we examined the mechanism by which the deficiency of the H+, K+-ATPase α subunit has an effect on the gastric mucosa. We found that the expression of phosphorylated-PI3K, p-AKT, phosphorylated-mTOR, HIF-1α, LDHA and SIRT6 was significantly higher in tissue from the Atp4a-/- mice compared with the WT mice (P<0.05). The H+, K+-ATPase α subunit is required for acid-secretory activity of parietal cells in vivo, the normal development and cellular homeostasis of the gastric mucosa, and attainment of the normal structure of the secretory membranes. Chronic achlorhydria and hypergastrinemia in aged Atp4a-/- mice produced progressive hyperplasia and mucolytic and IM, and activated the Warburg effect via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling.

Weipiling ameliorates gastric precancerous lesions in Atp4a-/- mice.

BACKGROUND: Altered cellular metabolism is considered to be one of the hallmarks of cancer (Coller, Am J Pathol 184:4-17, 2014; Kim and Bae, Curr Opin Hematol 25:52-59, 2018). However, few studies have investigated the role of metabolism in the development of gastric precancerous lesions (GPLs). Weipiling (WPL), a traditional Chinese medicine formula for treatment of GPLs. In this study, we evaluated the amelioration of GPLs by WPL and investigated the possible role of WPL in regulating glucose metabolism. METHODS: Firstly, the major components of WPL are chemically characterized by HPLC analytical method. In this study, we chose the Atp4a-/- mouse model (Spicer etal., J Biol Chem 275:21555-21565, 2000) for GPL analysis. Different doses of WPL were administered orally to mice for 10 weeks. Next, the pathological changes of gastric mucosa were assessed by the H&E staining and AB-PAS staining. In addition, TUNEL staining was used to evaluate apoptosis, and we further used immunohistochemically labelled CDX2, MUC2, ki-67, PTEN, and p53 proteins to assess the characteristic changes of gastric mucosa in precancerous lesions. The levels of such transporters as HK-II, PKM2, ENO1, MPC1, and LDHA were determined by Western blot analysis. Finally, we assessed the expression of mTOR, HIF-1α, AMPK, Rheb, TSC1 and TSC2 protein in the gastric mucosa of Atp4a-/-mice. RESULTS: In this work, we evaluated the protective effect of WPL on gastric mucosa in mice with precancerous lesions. The aberrant apoptosis in gastric mucosa of gastric pre-cancerous lesions was controlled by WPL (P<0.05). Furthermore, WPL suppressed the expression of CDX2, MUC2, ki-67, PTEN and p53, as the levels of these proteins decreased significantly compared with the model group (P<0.05). In parallel, WPL significantly suppressed the expression of transporters, such as HK-II, PKM2, ENO1, MPC1 and LDHA (P<0.05). In addition, mTOR, HIF-1a, AMPK, Rheb, TSC1 and TSC2 protein levels in gastric mucosa of Atp4a-/- mice in the high- and low-dose WPL groups were significantly lower than those in the model group (P<0.05), while the expression of TSC1 and TSC2 protein was significantly higher (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Conclusively, WPL could ameliorate GPLs in Atp4a-/- mice by inhibiting the expression of transporters and suppressing the aberrant activation of mTOR/HIF-1α.

MiR-593 mediates curcumin-induced radiosensitization of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells via MDR1.

Curcumin (Cur) exhibits radiosensitization effects to a variety of malignant tumors. The present study investigates the radiosensitizing effect of Cur on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells and whether its mechanism is associated with microRNA-593 (miR-593) and multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1). A clonogenic assay was performed to measure the radiosensitizing effect. The expression of miR-593 and MDR1 was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) or western blot assay. A transplanted tumor model was established to identify the radiosensitizing effect in vivo. A luciferase-based reporter was constructed to evaluate the effect of direct binding of miR-593 to the putative target site on the 3' UTR of MDR1. The clonogenic assay showed that Cur enhanced the radiosensitivity of cells. Cur (100 mg/kg) combined with 4 Gy irradiation inhibited the growth of a transplanted tumor model in vivo, resulting in the higher inhibition ratio compared with the radiotherapy-alone group. These results demonstrated that Cur had a radiosensitizing effect on NPC cells in vivo and in vitro; Cur-mediated upregulation of miR-593 resulted in reduced MDR1 expression, which may promote radiosensitivity of NPC cells.

Bax-PGAM5L-Drp1 complex is required for intrinsic apoptosis execution.

Intrinsic apoptosis eliminates cells with damaged DNA and cells with dysregulated expression of oncogene. PGAM5, a member of the phosphoglycerate mutase family, has two splicing variants: PGAM5L (the long form) and PGAM5S (the short form). It has been well established that PGAM5 is at the convergent point of multiple necrosis pathways. However, the role of PGAM5 in intrinsic apoptosis is still controversial. Here we report that the PGAM5L, but not PGAM5S is a prerequisite for the activation of Bax and dephosphorylation of Drp1 in arenobufagin and staurosporine induced intrinsic apoptosis. Knockdown of PGAM5L inhibits the translocation of Bax to the mitochondria and reduces mitochondrial fission. The interaction between PGAM5L and Drp1 was observed in both arenobufagin and staurosporine treated HCT116 cells, but not in HCT116 Bax(-/-) cells. Bax transfection rescues the formation of the triplex in both arenobufagin and staurosporine stimulated HCT116 Bax(-/-) cells. Arenobufagin shows remarkable anti-cancer effects both in orthotropic and heterotropic CRC models and demonstrates less toxic effects as compared with that of cisplatin. Bax-PGAM5L-Drp1 complex is detected in arenobufagin and staurosporine treated CRC cells in vitro and in arenobufagin and cisplatin treated tumor in vivo as well. In summary, our results demonstrate that Bax-PGAM5L-Drp1 complex is required for intrinsic apoptosis execution.

Point application with Angong Niuhuang sticker protects hippocampal and cortical neurons in rats with cerebral ischemia.

Angong Niuhuang pill, a Chinese materia medica preparation, can improve neurological functions after acute ischemic stroke. Because of its inconvenient application and toxic components (Cinnabaris and Realgar), we used transdermal enhancers to deliver Angong Niuhuang pill by modern technology, which expanded the safe dose range and clinical indications. In this study, Angong Niuhuang stickers administered at different point application doses (1.35, 2.7, and 5.4 g/kg) were administered to the Dazhui (DU14), Qihai (RN6) and Mingmen (DU4) of rats with chronic cerebral ischemia, for 4 weeks. The Morris water maze was used to determine the learning and memory ability of rats. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Nissl staining were used to observe neuronal damage of the cortex and hippocampal CA1 region in rats with chronic cerebral ischemia. The middle- and high-dose point application of Angong Niuhuang stickers attenuated neuronal damage in the cortex and hippocampal CA1 region, and improved the memory of rats with chronic cerebral ischemia with an efficacy similar to interventions by electroacupuncture at Dazhui (DU14), Qihai (RN6) and Mingmen (DU4). Our experimental findings indicate that point application with Angong Niuhuang stickers can improve cognitive function after chronic cerebral ischemia in rats and is neuroprotective with an equivalent efficacy to acupuncture.

Inhibition of autophagy ameliorates atherogenic inflammation by augmenting apigenin-induced macrophage apoptosis.

Increasing evidences showed that the survival of macrophages promotes atherogenesis. Macrophage apoptosis in the early phase of atherosclerotic process negatively regulates the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. We demonstrated that a natural anti-oxidant apigenin could ameliorate atherogenesis in ApoE(-/-) mice. It reduced the number of foam cells and decreased the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß) and IL-6. Our results showed that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) led to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Apigenin-induced apoptosis and downregulated the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1ß. It is further supported by the use of zVAD, a pan-caspase inhibitor, demonstrating that apigenin lowered cytokine profile through induction of macrophage apoptosis. Moreover, apigenin-induced Atg5/Atg7-dependent autophagy in macrophages pretreated with oxLDL. Results illustrated that autophagy inhibition increased apigenin-induced apoptosis through activation of Bax. The present findings suggest that oxLDL maintained the survival of macrophages and activated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines to initiate atherosclerosis. Apigenin-induced apoptosis of lipid-laden macrophages and resolved inflammation to ameliorate atherosclerosis. In conclusion, combination of apigenin with autophagy inhibition may be a promising strategy to induce foam cell apoptosis and subdue atherogenic cytokines.

Danzhi Xiaoyao San ameliorates depressive-like behavior by shifting toward serotonin via the downregulation of hippocampal indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Danzhi Xiaoyao San (DXS) is a canonical Chinese medicine formula from Principles of Internal Medicine, which was written during the Ming dynasty. This formula is approved and commercialized for use in the prevention and treatment of affective disorders. This study is aimed to investigate the hypothesis that DXS treats depressive-like behavior by shifting the balance of the kynurenine (Kyn)/serotonin (5-HT) pathway toward the 5-HT pathway through the downregulation of hippocampal indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chemical fingerprints of gardenoside, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, paeonol, and ligustilide in standard extraction were used as the material bases of DXS. Rats with depressive-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) were randomly divided into four groups, namely the control, model, DXS, and fluoxetine groups. Cytokines, IDO, and tryptophan (Trp) catabolites were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. RESULTS: DXS significantly increased crossing grid numbers, sucrose consumption, and body weight. This treatment significantly decreased the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 6 (IL-6). However, DXS elicited no significant effects on IL-1ß, IL-2, and interferon γ. DXS downregulated the activity of IDO and subsequent production of Kyn in the hippocampus. This treatment upregulated the hippocampal contents of Trp and 5-HT but did not influence 5-HT turnover. CONCLUSIONS: DXS exhibited antidepressant-like effects on rats exposed to CUMS. DXS reduced IDO activity to shift the balance of the Kyn/5-HT pathway toward the 5-HT pathway.

Xiao Yao San Improves Depressive-Like Behavior in Rats through Modulation of ß-Arrestin 2-Mediated Pathways in Hippocampus.

Xiao Yao San (XYS) is a classical Chinese medicine formula that has been widely used to treat mood disorders for hundreds of years. To confirm the effect of XYS and better understand its underlying mechanism, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis-based quality control of XYS extracts and proteomics-based identification of differential proteins in the hippocampus were adopted in social isolation and chronic unpredictable mild stress- (CUMS-) treated rats. The depressive-like behavior of rats induced by CUMS resembled the manifestation of human depression. The upregulated corticosterone (CORT) and urocortin 2 (UCN2) levels demonstrated the existence of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity. XYS was effective in ameliorating the depressive-like behavior and downregulating UCN2 and CORT. XYS decreased the expression of serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A subunit B and increased the expression of ß-arrestin 2. The expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were also elevated by XYS. In conclusion, XYS improves social isolation and CUMS-induced depressive-like behavior and ameliorates HPA hyperactivation through the downregulation of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) receptor 2. The upregulation of BDNF/TrkB and the phosphorylation of mTOR require ß-arrestin 2 as a scaffold to regulate stress signaling.

[Effect of curcumin on radiosensitization of CNE-2 cells and its mechanism].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of curcumin (Cur) on radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell CNE-2 and its mechanism. METHOD: The effect of curcumin on radiosensitivity was determined by the clone formation assay. The cell survival curve was fitted by Graph prism 6. 0. The changes in cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). The differential expression of long non-coding RNA was detected by gene chip technology. Part of differentially expressed genes was verified by Real-time PCR. RESULT: After 10 micro mol L-1 Cur had worked for 24 h, its sensitization enhancement ratio was 1. 03, indicating that low concentration of curcumin could increase the radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells; FCM displayed a significant increase of G2 phase cells and significant decrease of S phase cells in the Cur combined radiation group. In the Cur group, the GUCY2GP, H2BFXP, LINC00623 IncRNA were significantly up-regulated and ZRANB2-AS2 LOC100506835, FLJ36000 IncRNA were significantly down-regulated. CONCLUSION: Cur has radiosensitizing effect on human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2 cells. Its mechanism may be related to the changes in the cell cycle distribution and the expression of long non-coding IncRNA.

Curcumin enhances the radiosensitivity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells involving the reversal of differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are aberrantly expressed and have important functions in pathological processes. The present study investigated the lncRNA profiles and the effects of curcumin (Cur) on the radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. The lncRNA and mRNA profiles of each cell group were described by microarray analysis. Numerous differentially expressed genes were observed by microarrays in three cell groups. Cur significantly reversed the IR-induced lncRNA and mRNA expression signatures, shown by clustering analysis. Moreover, 116 of these IR-induced and Cur-reversed differentially expressed lncRNAs were obtained. Six lncRNAs (AF086415, AK095147, RP1-179N16.3, MUDENG, AK056098 and AK294004) were confirmed by qPCR. Furthermore, functional studies showed that lncRNA AK294004 exhibited a negative effect on cyclin D1 (CCND1), indicating that CCND1 might be a direct target of AK294004. IR-induced differentially expressed lncRNAs were reversed during Cur-enhanced radiosensitization in NPC cells, suggesting that lncRNAs have important functions in IR-induced radioresistance. Thus, Cur could serve as a good radiosensitizer.

Xiao Yao San Improves Depressive-Like Behaviors in Rats with Chronic Immobilization Stress through Modulation of Locus Coeruleus-Norepinephrine System.

Most research focuses on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, and hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPGA) axis systems of abnormalities of emotions and behaviors induced by stress, while no studies of Chinese herbal medicine such as Xiao Yao San (XYS) on the mechanisms of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system have been reported. Therefore, experiments were carried out to observe mechanism of LC-NE system in response to chronic immobilization stress (CIS) and explore the antidepressant effect of XYS. Rat model was established by CIS. LC morphology in rat was conducted. The serum norepinephrine (NE) concentrations and NE biosynthesis such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-ß-hydroxylase (DBH), and corticotrophin-releasing-factor (CRF) in LC were determined. Results showed that there were no discernible alterations in LC in rats. The serum NE concentrations, positive neurons, mean optical density (MOD), and protein levels of TH, DBH, and CRF in model group were significantly increased compared to the control group. But XYS-treated group displayed a significantly decreased in NE levels and expressions of TH, DBH, and CRF compared to the model group. In conclusion, CIS can activate LC-NE system to release NE and then result in a significant decrease in rats. XYS treatment can effectively improve depressive-like behaviors in rats through inhibition of LC-NE neurons activity.