Total and available metal concentrations in soils from six long-term fertilization sites across China.

Approximately 19% of agricultural soils in China are contaminated by heavy metals. However, the effects of agricultural management practices on soil contamination are not well understood. Taking advantage of six long-term (23-34 years) field sites across China, this study examined the effects of different agricultural fertilization treatments, including control (no fertilization), inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization (NPK), manure fertilization (M), and NPK plus manure fertilization (NPKM), on the total and available metal concentrations in soils. The results showed that after 23-34 years of fertilization, the M and NPKM treatments significantly increased the total concentration of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in soils compared with the concentrations measured for the control and NPK treatments. In contrast, the fertilization treatments had almost no influence on soil lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) concentrations. The results of analysis via diffusive gradients in thin films demonstrated that long-term sheep or cattle manure fertilization increased the available metals, especially Cd, Cu, and Zn, but long-term swine manure application decreased the available metals, except for Cu and Zn, in soils. Further analysis revealed that the manure source, soil pH level, and biogeochemical properties of metals affected the availability of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni in soils. Collectively, organic fertilizers had the potential to reduce metal uptake by crops, but caution should be taken to reduce metal concentrations in manure.

[Vertical Distribution and Pollution Risk Assessment of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Organic Matter in Sediment of Inflowing Rivers of Erhai Lake Estuarine Wetland in Wet and Dry Seasons].

The estuarine wetland of Luoshijiang River, which flows into Erhai Lake in Yunnan province, was regarded as the typical research object. Sediment samples in the estuarine wetland of Luoshijiang River were collected by the cylindrical sediment sampler and the samples were from surface layer (0-10cm), middle layer (10-30 cm), and bottom layer (30-60 cm). The vertical distribution of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total organic material in dry and rainy season was analyzed and contamination risk assessment of sediment was accomplished. The results showed that: ① In dry season, average concentrations of total nitrogen in sediment on surface, middle and bottom layer at estuarine wetland of Luoshijiang River were respectively 1.734, 1.453 and 1.255 g·kg-1, the average concentrations of total phosphorus were respectively 1.085, 1.034 and 0.992 g·kg-1, the average concentrations of organic material were respectively 59.051, 47.730 and 42.133 g·kg-1. In rainy season, average concentrations of total nitrogen in sediment on surface, middle and bottom layer at estuarine wetland of Luoshijiang River were respectively 1.147, 0.948 and 0.895 g·kg-1, the average concentrations of total phosphorus were respectively 0.599, 0.523 and 0.519 g·kg-1, the average concentrations of organic material were respectively 53.098, 46.897 and 43.395 g·kg-1. ② Single factor pollution index, organic nitrogen and organic index assessment were used to evaluate the contamination level of sediment, the assessment results showed that: In dry season, the contamination level of nitrogen and phosphorus in sediment was on severe level, organic material contamination was on medium level. In rainy season, the contamination levels of ON and OI were medium, and that of PI was mild. Generally, the contamination levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic material in sediment tendency were as follows: dry season>rainy season, and the pollution index of each layer followed the sequence of surface layer > middle layer > bottom layer, and the most extraordinary contamination of them on surface layer was uncovered whatever the season was. ③ Pollution origin of estuarine wetland of Luoshijiang River in dry and wet season had great differences, it was mainly the exogenous source in dry season, but it was the internal source in wet season; The potential risk of release of nutrient salt of sediment in dry season was higher than the wet, and the risk in the surface layer was the highest.