ABSTRACT
AIM: To explore the potential of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) using ExiTron nano6000 for assessment of liver lesions in mouse models. METHODS: Three mouse models of liver lesions were used: bile duct ligation (BDL), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN), and alcohol. After injection with the contrast agent ExiTron nano6000, the mice were scanned with micro-CT. Liver lesions were evaluated using CECT images, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and serum aminotransferase levels. Macrophage distribution in the injury models was shown by immunohistochemical staining of CD68. The in vitro studies measured the densities of RAW264.7 under different conditions by CECT. RESULTS: In the in vitro studies, CECT provided specific and strong contrast enhancement of liver in mice. CECT could present heterogeneous images and densities of injured livers induced by BDL, LPS/D-GalN, and alcohol. The liver histology and immunochemistry of CD68 demonstrated that both dilated biliary tracts and necrosis in the injured livers could lead to the heterogeneous distribution of macrophages. The in vitro study showed that the RAW264.7 cell masses had higher densities after LPS activation. CONCLUSION: Micro-CT with the contrast agent ExiTron nano6000 is feasible for detecting various liver lesions by emphasizing the heterogeneous textures and densities of CECT images.
Subject(s)
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/diagnostic imaging , Cholestasis/diagnostic imaging , Contrast Media , Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/diagnostic imaging , Liver/diagnostic imaging , Nanoparticles , X-Ray Microtomography , Animals , Antigens, CD/metabolism , Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism , Bile Ducts/surgery , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/blood , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/etiology , Cholestasis/blood , Cholestasis/etiology , Disease Models, Animal , Ethanol , Immunohistochemistry , Ligation , Lipopolysaccharides , Liver/metabolism , Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/blood , Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/etiology , Macrophages/diagnostic imaging , Macrophages/metabolism , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Predictive Value of Tests , RAW 264.7 Cells , Severity of Illness Index , Time FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and its ligand, ghrelin, are important modulators in weight control and energy homeostasis. Recently, ghrelin is also involved in experimental colitis, but the role of GHSR in the development of colitis is unclear. The aim was to examine the underlying mechanism of GHSR in IBD development. METHODS: The temporal expression of GHSR/ghrelin was determined in dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) induced colitis in Wt mice. The severity of DSS induced colitis from GHSR(-/-) and WT mice was compared at clinical/pathological levels. Furthermore, the function of macrophages was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS: Lack of GHSR attenuated colitis significantly at the clinical and pathological levels with reduced colonic pro-inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.05). This is consistent with the observation of less colonic macrophage infiltration and TLRs expression from DSS-treated GHSR(-/-) mice compared to WT mice (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated macrophages in vitro from GHSR(-/-) mice than WT mice (P < 0.05). Moreover, D-lys(3)-GHRP6 (a GHSR antagonist) reduced LPS-induced macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokines from WT mice in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: GHSR contributes to development of acute DSS-induced colitis, likely via elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of macrophages. These data suggest GHSR as a potential therapeutic target for IBD.
