ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Autoimmune disease is a refractory disease. Accumulating Evidence has revealed that the manipulation of mesenchymal stem cells may have the potential to control or even treat autoimmune diseases. Human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) are emerging as a new line of mesenchymal stem cells that have displayed some potential advantages in controlling and treating autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVE: In this review, we briefly update the current understanding on the biology of GMSCs and their effects on preventing and treating autoimmune diseases. CONCLUSION: The availability of gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs), together with their potent capacity of multi-directional differentiation and inflammatory modulation, making GMSCs an ideal subtype of MSCs in treating autoimmune disease. Our and other studies have launched the earliest appraisal on GMSCs and carried out a lot of biological researches. The clinical trial of GMSCs on patients with autoimmune diseases will further approve their therapeutic effects, as well as its cellular and molecular mechanisms.
Subject(s)
Autoimmune Diseases/therapy , Gingiva/cytology , Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology , Animals , Cell Differentiation , Cell Proliferation , Disease Models, Animal , Humans , Immunomodulation , Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects , Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/trends , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/immunology , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolismABSTRACT
KEY MESSAGE: Over-expression of SlJA2 decreased the accumulation of SA, which resulted in significant physiological and gene expression changes in transgenic tobacco plants, leading to the decreased heat tolerance of transgenic tobacco. NAC family, the largest transcription factors in plants, responses to different environmental stimuli. Here, we isolated a typical NAC transcription factor (SlJA2) from tomato and got transgenic tobacco with SlJA2 over-expression. Expression of SlJA2 was induced by heat stress (42 °C), chilling stress (4 °C), drought stress, osmotic stress, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid. Over-expression of SlJA2 decreased the accumulation of salicylic acid by regulating expression of salicylic acid degradation gene under heat stress. Compared to WT plants, stomatal apertures and water loss increased in transgenic plants, and the damage of photosynthetic apparatus and chlorophyll breakdown were more serious in transgenic plants under heat stress. Meanwhile, more H2O2 and O2·- were accumulated transgenic plants and proline synthesis was restricted, which resulted in more serious oxidative damage compared to WT. qRT-PCR analysis showed that over-expression of SlJA2 could down-regulate genes involved in reactive oxygen species scavenging, proline biosynthesis, and response to heat stress. All the above results indicated that SlJA2 may be a negative regulator responded to plant's heat tolerance. Thus, this study provides new insight into roles of NAC family member in plant response to abiotic stress.
Subject(s)
Gene Expression , Nicotiana/metabolism , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics , Signal Transduction/genetics , Stress, Physiological/genetics , Thermotolerance/genetics , Droughts , Gene Expression/drug effects , Gene Expression/genetics , Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism , Solanum lycopersicum/genetics , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plants, Genetically Modified/drug effects , Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Salicylic Acid/pharmacology , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Stress, Physiological/drug effects , Nicotiana/drug effects , Nicotiana/geneticsABSTRACT
Ascorbate (AsA) is very important in scavenging reactive oxygen species in plants. AsA can reduce photoinhibition by xanthophyll cycle to dissipate excess excitation energy. GGP is an important enzyme in AsA biosynthesis pathway in higher plants. In this study, we cloned a gene, SlGGP-LIKE, that has the same function but different sequence compared with SlGGP. The function of SlGGP-LIKE gene in response to oxidative stress was investigated using transgenic tobacco plants overexpressed SlGGP-LIKE under methyl viologen treatment. After oxidative stress treatment, transgenic tobacco lines exhibited higher levels of reduced AsA content and APX activity than WT plants. Under oxidative stress, transgenic tobacco plants accumulated less ROS and exhibited lower degrees of REC and MDA. Consequently, relatively higher levels of Pn, Fv/Fm, de-epoxidation status of xanthophyll cycle and D1 protein were maintained in transgenic tobacco plants. Hence, overexpression of SlGGP-LIKE gene enhances AsA biosynthesis and can alleviate the photoinhibition of PSII under oxidative stress.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological/genetics , Genes, Plant , Nicotiana/physiology , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Paraquat/toxicity , Solanum lycopersicum/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Ascorbate Peroxidases/metabolism , Ascorbic Acid/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects , Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism , Light , Malondialdehyde/metabolism , Plant Proteins/chemistry , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Plants, Genetically Modified , Protein Transport/drug effects , Sequence Alignment , Subcellular Fractions/metabolism , Superoxides/metabolism , Nicotiana/drug effects , Nicotiana/genetics , Nicotiana/radiation effects , Xanthophylls/metabolism , Zeaxanthins/metabolismABSTRACT
The NAC proteins are the largest transcription factors in plants. The functions of NACs are various and we focus on their roles in response to abiotic stress here. In our study, a typical NAC gene (SlNAM1) is isolated from tomato and its product is located in the nucleus. It also has a transcriptional activity region situated in C-terminal. The expression levels of SlNAM1 in tomato were induced by 4°C, PEG, NaCl, abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments. The function of SlNAM1 in response to chilling stress has been investigated. SlNAM1 overexpression in tobacco exhibited higher germination rates, minor wilting, and higher photosynthetic rates (Pn) under chilling stress. Meanwhile, overexpression of SlNAM1 improved the osmolytes contents and reduced the H2O2 and O2â¢- contents under low temperature, which contribute to alleviating the oxidative damage of cell membrane after chilling stress. Moreover, the transcripts of NtDREB1, NtP5CS, and NtERD10s were higher in transgenic tobacco, and those increased expressions may confer higher chilling tolerance of transgenic plants. These results indicated that overexpression of SlNAM1 could improve chilling stress tolerance of transgenic tobacco.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological , Cold Temperature , Nicotiana/physiology , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolism , Stress, Physiological , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism , Malondialdehyde/metabolism , Oxidative Stress , Plant Proteins/chemistry , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plants, Genetically Modified , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Sequence Alignment , Subcellular Fractions/metabolism , Superoxides/metabolism , Nicotiana/genetics , Nicotiana/growth & development , Transcription Factors/chemistry , Transcriptional Activation/genetics , Up-Regulation/geneticsABSTRACT
Foxp3(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells suppress different types of immune responses to help maintain homeostasis in the body. How T(reg) cells regulate humoral immunity, including germinal center reactions, is unclear. Here we identify a subset of T(reg) cells expressing CXCR5 and Bcl-6 that localize to the germinal centers in mice and humans. The expression of CXCR5 on T(reg) cells depends on Bcl-6. These CXCR5(+)Bcl-6(+) T(reg) cells are absent in the thymus but can be generated de novo from CXCR5(-)Foxp3(+) natural T(reg) precursors. A lack of CXCR5(+) T(reg) cells leads to greater germinal center reactions including germinal center B cells, affinity maturation of antibodies and the differentiation of plasma cells. These results unveil a Bcl-6-CXCR5 axis in T(reg) cells that drives the development of follicular regulatory T (T(FR)) cells that function to inhibit the germinal center reactions.
Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation/immunology , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism , Germinal Center/immunology , Self Tolerance/immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , Adoptive Transfer , Animals , B-Lymphocytes/metabolism , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Palatine Tonsil/immunology , Palatine Tonsil/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6 , Receptors, CXCR5/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/physiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited cardiac disorder and shows high variability in genetic heterogeneity and phenotypic characteristics. The genetic etiology responsible for HCM in many individuals remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This instigation was sought to identify novel genetic determinants for familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: Six unrelated Chinese families with HCM were studied. For each of the 13 established HCM-susceptibility genes, 3 to 5 microsatellite markers were selected to perform genotyping and haplotype analysis. The linked genes were sequenced. RESULTS: Haplotype analyses on candidate genetic loci revealed cosegregation of the gene beta-myosin heavy chain (MYH7) with HCM in a single family. A novel double heterozygous missense mutation of Ala26Val plus Arg719Trp in MYH7 was subsequently identified by sequencing in this family and was associated with a severe phenotype of HCM. CONCLUSION: The novel double mutation of Ala26Val plus Arg719Trp in MYH7 identified in a Chinese family highlights the remarkable genetic heterogeneity of HCM, which provides important information for genetic counseling, accurate diagnosis, prognostic evaluation, and appropriate clinical management.
Subject(s)
Cardiac Myosins/genetics , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial/genetics , Mutation, Missense , Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Base Sequence , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial/diagnosis , Child , China , DNA Mutational Analysis , Echocardiography, Doppler , Electrocardiography , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Haplotypes , Heterozygote , Humans , Male , Microsatellite Repeats , Molecular Sequence Data , Pedigree , Phenotype , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
This paper discusses the limitations of current NO inhalation systems, based on the research in collocation of NO, inspection of NO/NO2 and synchronous working of NO inhalation systems with ventilators. And then, the developing trend of NO inhalation systems is put forward here too.
