Deinococcus psychrotolerans sp. nov., isolated from soil on the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, strictly aerobic, coccus-shaped bacterium, designated S14-83T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain is a novel member of the genus Deinococcus, with Deinococcus alpinitundrae as its closest relative (96.1 % similarity). The DNA G+C content of the strain was 61.1 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was MK-8. Major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. As well as containing glycophospholipid, aminophospholipids and glycolipid as major polar lipids, there were also some unknown polar lipids. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was ornithine, corroborating the assignment of the strain to the genus Deinococcus. Strain S14-83T was shown to be extremely resistant to gamma radiation (>10 kGy) and UV light (460 Jm-2). On the basis of phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data presented here, strain S14-83T represents a novel species of the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus psychrotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S14-83T (=CCTCC AB 2015449T= DSM 105285 T).

Deinococcus taklimakanensis sp. nov., isolated from desert soil.

A gamma- and UV radiation-tolerant, Gram-negative, short-rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated X-121T, was isolated from soil samples collected from the Taklimakan desert in Xinjiang, China. Strain X-121T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Deinococcus depolymerans TDMA-24T (94.7 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain X-121T is a member of a novel species belonging to the clade formed by members of the genus Deinococcus in the family Deinococcaceae. The DNA G+C content of strain X-121T was 63.6 mol%. The chemotaxonomic charateristics of strain X-121T were typical of members of the genus Deinococcus, with MK-8 being the predominant respiratory quinone, summed feature 3 (16 : 1ω7c,16 : 1ω6c), 16 : 0 and 17 : 1ω8c as major cellular fatty acid, several unidentified phosphoglycolipids and glycolipids as the dominant polar lipids, galactose as the predominant cell-wall sugar and the presence of peptidoglycan with l-ornithine. Strain X-121T is therefore identified as representing a novel species, for which the name Deinococcus taklimakanensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain X-121T(=CCTCC AB 207228T=KCTC 33842T).

Sphingomonas antarctica sp. nov., isolated from Antarctic tundra soil.

Strain 200T, isolated from a soil sample taken from Antarctic tundra soil around Zhongshan Station, was found to be a Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and aerobic bacterium. Strain 200T grew optimally at pH 7.0 and in the absence of NaCl on R2A. Its optimum growth temperature was 20 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 200T belonged to the genus Sphingomonas. Strain 200T showed the highest sequence similarities to Sphingomonas kyeonggiense THG-DT81T (95.1 %) and Sphingomonas molluscorum KMM 3882T (95.1 %). Chemotaxonomic analysis showed that strain 200T had characteristics typical of members of the genus Sphingomonas. Ubiquinone 10 was the predominant respiratory quinone and sym-homospermidine was the polyamine. The major polar lipids were sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 60.9 mol%. Strain 200T contained C16 : 0 (31.6 %), summed feature 8 (comprising C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c, 22.7 %), summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c, 11.2 %), C18 : 0 (7.8 %) and C14 : 0 2OH (6.7 %) as the major cellular fatty acids. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, and physiological and biochemical characterization, strain 200T should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas, for which the name Sphingomonasantarctica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 200T (=CCTCC AB 2016064T=KCTC 52488T).

Flavitalea antarctica sp. nov., isolated from Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica.

A bright-yellow, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, gliding and aerobic bacterium, designated strain AQ6-291T, was isolated from the Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica, and its taxonomic position was investigated by genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses. Growth occurred at 4-28 °C (optimum 20 °C) and at pH 5.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0). Strain AQ6-291T contained iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω5c, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) as the major cellular fatty acids. The main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, unknown aminophospholipids, unknown phospholipids, five unknown aminolipids and two unknown polar lipids. MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain AQ6-291T belonged to the genus Flavitalea. The DNA G+C content was 48.1 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain AQ6-291T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Flavitalea, for which the name Flavitalea antarctica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AQ6-291T (=CCTCC AB 2016109T=KCTC 52491T).

Terrimonas crocea sp. nov., isolated from the till of a high Arctic glacier.

A yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated M1-33108T, was isolated from the till of high Arctic glacier Midtre Lovénbreen near Ny-Ålesund, in the West Svalbard Archipelago, Norway. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain M1-33108T belonged to the genus Terrimonas and its closest neighbour was Terrimonas arctica R9-86T with 96.12 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Cells of strain M1-33108T were Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria that lacked motility. Cells contained iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, C16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) as its major cellular fatty acids and menaquinone-7 as the sole respiratory quinone. The polar lipid profile of strain M1-33108T consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unknown aminophospholipids, eight unknown aminolipids, an unknown glycolipid and three unknown polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 45.0 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain M1-33108T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Terrimonas, for which the name Terrimonas crocea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M1-33108T (=CCTCC AB 2016103T=KCTC 52448T).

Hymenobacter rutilus sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment in the Arctic.

Strain K2-33028T, which appeared as a brick-red colony on an R2A plate, was isolated from a marine sediment sample from Kings Bay, Svalbard Archipelago, Norway. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that K2-33028T represented a member of the genus Hymenobacter. Cells were Gram-reaction-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, rod-shaped and without motility. Growth occurred at 4-37 °C (optimum 28 °C) and at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0). Cells contained menaquinone-7 as the main respiratory quinone and iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 1ω5c, summed feature 4 (comprising anteiso-C17 : 1B and/or iso-C17 : 1I) and anteiso-C15 : 0 as the major cellular fatty acids. Phosphatidylethanolamine was predominant in the polar lipid profile. The DNA G+C content was 64.3 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain K2-33028T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacterrutilussp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is K2-33028T (=CCTCC AB 2016091T=KCTC 52447T).

Undibacterium arcticum sp. nov., isolated from arctic alpine soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile rod-shaped bacterium, designated 6-67T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from Longyearbyen, Svalbard. Its taxonomic position was investigated by genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses. This isolate grew at 4-28 °C (optimum, 20 °C), at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0-0.2 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain 6-67T contained Q-8 as a major respiratory quinone and MK-7 as a minor component; the major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and C16 : 0. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified phospholipids and one unidentified aminophospholipid. The polyamines were putrescine and 2-hydroxyputrescine. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the novel strain 6-67T belonged to the family Oxalobacteraceae within the class Betaproteobacteria. The DNA G+C content of strain 6-67T was 56.21 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic data, strain 6-67T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Undibacterium, for which the name Undibacterium arcticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 6-67T (=CCTCC AB 2015162T=KCTC 42986T).