ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Magnesium (Mg) deficiency causes physiological and molecular responses, already dissected in several plant species. The study of these responses among genotypes showing a different tolerance to the Mg shortage can allow identifying the mechanisms underlying the resistance to this nutritional disorder. To this aim, we compared the physiological and molecular responses (e.g. changes in root metabolome and transcriptome) of two grapevine rootstocks exhibiting, in field, different behaviors with respect to Mg shortage (1103P, tolerant and SO4 susceptible). RESULTS: The two grapevine rootstocks confirmed, in a controlled growing system, their behavior in relation to the tolerance to Mg deficiency. Differences in metabolite and transcriptional profiles between the roots of the two genotypes were mainly linked to antioxidative compounds and the cell wall constituents. In addition, differences in secondary metabolism, in term of both metabolites (e.g. alkaloids, terpenoids and phenylpropanoids) and transcripts, assessed between 1103P and SO4 suggest a different behavior in relation to stress responses particularly at early stages of Mg deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that the higher ability of 1103P to tolerate Mg shortage is mainly linked to its capability of coping, faster and more efficiently, with the oxidative stress condition caused by the nutritional disorder.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Psychological , Magnesium/pharmacology , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Plant Roots/physiology , Vitis/physiology , Adaptation, Psychological/drug effects , Down-Regulation/drug effects , Down-Regulation/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects , Metabolome , Plant Roots/drug effects , Plant Roots/genetics , Plant Shoots/drug effects , Plant Shoots/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Solubility , Sugars/metabolism , Transcription, Genetic/drug effects , Up-Regulation/drug effects , Up-Regulation/genetics , Vitis/drug effects , Vitis/geneticsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) is implied in many important biological processes in all metazoans from porifera to chordates. In the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis NO plays a key role in the defense system and neurotransmission. RESULTS: Here, we detected for the first time NO, NO synthase (NOS) and transcript levels during the development of S. officinalis. The spatial pattern of NO and NOS is very dynamic, it begins during organogenesis in ganglia and epithelial tissues, as well as in sensory cells. At later stages, NO and NOS appear in organs and/or structures, including Hoyle organ, gills and suckers. Temporal expression of NOS, followed by real-time PCR, changes during development reaching the maximum level of expression at stage 26. CONCLUSIONS: Overall these data suggest the involvement of NO during cuttlefish development in different fundamental processes, such as differentiation of neural and nonneural structures, ciliary beating, sensory cell maintaining, and organ functioning.
