Subject(s)
Drug Contamination/prevention & control , Sterilization , Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods , Water Microbiology , Water Purification , Water/administration & dosage , Water/analysis , Biofilms , Consumer Product Safety , Dosage Forms , Europe , Government Agencies , Guidelines as Topic , Humans , Injections , Licensure , Osmosis , Risk Management , Sterilization/legislation & jurisprudence , Sterilization/standards , Technology, Pharmaceutical/legislation & jurisprudence , Technology, Pharmaceutical/standards , Water Purification/legislation & jurisprudence , Water Purification/standardsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of diabetes in Tohono O'odham pregnancies, and to assess the efficacy of early prenatal diabetes screening in populations with high rates of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: All Tohono O'odham women receiving prenatal care at the Sells Service Unit who delivered a viable baby in the 5-yr study period were reviewed. RESULTS: Diabetes was confirmed in 97 of 1854 (5.2%) Tohono O'odham pregnancies delivered during the study period. NIDDM antedated pregnancy in 38 (39%) of the diabetic pregnancies. Diabetes was diagnosed for the first time in 59 (61%) of these diabetic pregnancies. The diagnosis was made at or before the 20th gestational wk in 25 of 59 (42%) gestational diabetic women. These 25 women represented 61% of 41 gestational diabetic women who received prenatal care at or before the 20th gestational week. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that first trimester diabetes screening is justified in this population and may be appropriate in other populations with high rates of diabetes.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Diabetes, Gestational/epidemiology , Indians, North American , Pregnancy in Diabetics/epidemiology , Arizona/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Medical Records , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Trimester, Second , Prenatal Care , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Antibiotics are used extensively in food-producing animals to maintain optimal health and promote growth. The use of these drugs has the potential to leave drug-related residues such as parent drug and metabolites in meat, milk, and eggs. For those drugs that require a withholding period to ensure that residues in the food products are below established tolerances, methods of analysis are required. The majority of approved antibiotics are assayed by microbiological methods. Although these methods are suitable for screening for drug residues, they often lack the specificity and precision required of regulatory methods. Present requirements for regulatory methods have resulted in the submission of physical-chemical methods in support of New Animal Drug Applications for antibiotics.
