ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To prepare Salinomycin nanostructured lipid carriers (Sal-NLCs) and optimize its formulation. METHODS: Sal-NLCs was prepared by emulsion evaporation-low temperature solidification method. Using particle size, Zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading as evaluation indexes, central composite design-response surface methodology was used to optimize the amount of Sal, the ratio of solid lipid glyceryl bisstearate to liquid lipid glyceryl octanoate in oil phase, ratio of surface active agent polyoxyethylene 35 castor oil (EL) to polyethylene glycol-15-hydroxy stearate (HS 15), the amount of polyoxyethylene (40) stearate (P40). The morphology, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), Zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, drug loading and in vitro release mechanism of Sal-NLCs were investigated. RESULTS: The optimal prescription was as follows as Sal 0. 86 mg, glyceryl bisstearate 40.70 mg, glyceryl octanoate 11.30 mg, EL 44.05 mg, HS15 7.95 mg, P40 3.8 mg. Prepared Sal-NLCs was round-like and dispersed evenly. The particle size, PDI, Zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of prepared Sal-NLCs were(81.81 ± 2.60) nm, 0.183 ± 0.042, (-24.9 ± 3.4) mV,(94.35 ± 1.50)％ and (1.47 ±0.04)％ (n=5), respectively.24 h accumulative release rate was (99.81 ± 3.90)％ (n=3).Drug release behavior was in line with Higuchi model, and relative error of particle size, Zeta-potential, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading to predicted value of model were all lower than 4％. CONCLUSIONS: Sal-NLCs with sustained-release effect is prepared successfully according to optimized formulation, and its quality meets the expected standard.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the body burden of Cadmium(Cd) in normal children from Shenyang city,and to analyze the effect of Cd on kidney.Furthermore,to investigate the influences of living factors on the level of Cd in children,so as to make recommendations for children's health.Methods The subjects was composed of 1 170 healthy children recruited from 0 to 17 years old by cluster random sampling method.They were divided into three groups(0-5 years old group,6-11 years old group,12-17 years old group).Questionnaires were used to obtain essential information about age,gender,weight,socioeconomic status,medication,and so on.Second morning urine samples were collected to make routine analyses,urinary Cd(Cdob),urine microalbumin(MALB) and α1-microglobulin(α1-MG).Results 1.A total of 1 070 children including 544 males and 526 females were enrolled.2.The concentration of Cdob increased with age,in agreement with the level of urinary Cd corrected by urine specific gravity (Cdsg).However,the level of Cd in urine corrected by urinary creatinine(Cdcr) presented the opposite status with the age increasing.3.Cdcr and urine MALB adjusted by urinary creatinin(MALBcr) revealed a positive correlation(rs =0.45,P ＜ 0.01).4.Preference values for Cdob and Cdsg,Cdcr respectively were:0-5 years old ＜0.56 μg/L,＜0.83 μg/L and ＜2.17 μg/g Cr;6-11 years old ＜0.65 μg/L,＜1.01 μg/L and ＜1.23 μg/g Cr;12-17 years old ＜0.74 μg/L,＜1.15 μg/L and ＜ 1.25 μg/g Cr.Conclusions There is an age-dependent cumulative increases in Cdob.Although renal damage was not found in this study,the uptake of Cd should be reduced as much as possible and it is necessary to strengthen the follow-up study of Cdob in body burden.
ABSTRACT
Cadmium is one of the toxic heavy metals prevalent in the environment.Long-term,even the lowest dose,exposures to this element can damage various organs including the kidney,liver,lung,skeleton,and might elevate the risk of cancer and deformity.The kidney,skeleton and lung are the tissues most affected by chronic cadmium toxicity.The early sign of renal dysfunction,as a main target for chronic cadmium exposure,is tubular dysfunction,and renal failure can be observed in the terminal stage.In recent years,studies about the burden of cadmium in childhood and health damage are gradually increased.Urinary β2-microglobulin,e1-microglobulin and N-acetyl 3-D-glucosamidase have been employed as markers monitoring for the early phase of cadmium exposure and nephrotoxicity.A biomarker named kidney injury molecule-1 aslo has been used for predicting cadmium-induced tubular impairment.It is reported that kidney injury molecule-1 may be more sensitive than traditional biomarkers.
