ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of performing sentinel node detection in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An open series of 13 arbitrarily selected patients with T1b-T3b RCC scheduled for radical nephrectomy at a single Tertiary Academic Centre were examined with different modalities of sentinel node detection. Preoperative ultrasonography-guided injection of radioactive isotope, lymphoscintigram and single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography, followed by intraoperative gamma-probe detection and Patent Blue detection, as well as postoperative scintigram of the main specimen were the planned interventions. These investigations were performed in conjunction with intended open radical nephrectomy. RESULTS: In 10 of the 13 patients sentinel node detection was achieved with 32 sentinel nodes displayed. Radio-guided surgery using an intraoperative gamma-probe resulted in the highest realtive detection rate with detection of sentinel nodes in nine patients. In total, nine metastatic sentinel nodes were detected in three patients. One patient, preoperatively staged as N+, was restaged after sentinel node detection and histopathology as pN0. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel node detection in renal tumours is feasible although evaluation of different modes of detection needs further refinement and standardization. All nodes preoperatively detected by routine computed tomography as suspicious metastatic lesions were confirmed as sentinel nodes, including two nodes considered as metastatic by preoperative routine imaging but ultimately staged as non-metastatic sentinel nodes.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Renal Cell/diagnosis , Kidney Neoplasms/pathology , Neoplasm Staging/methods , Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy/methods , Abdomen , Aged , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/secondary , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/surgery , Diagnosis, Differential , Feasibility Studies , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Kidney Neoplasms/surgery , Lymph Nodes/diagnostic imaging , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Lymphatic Metastasis , Male , Middle Aged , Nephrectomy , Prospective Studies , Radiography , Radionuclide Imaging , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To examine vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-receptor-(R)1, and R2 mRNA levels in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a tumour generally refractory to most medical therapy, but for which a potentially useful therapeutic alternative is inhibition of angiogenesis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: VEGF, VEGF-R1 and -R2 mRNA levels were analysed using the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RNA was extracted from 84 conventional (clear cell) RCCs (cRCC), 20 papillary (pRCC), six chromophobe (chRCC), and 27 corresponding kidney cortex tissues, obtained from 110 patients in whom high-quality RNA was available from the tumours (53 women and 57 men, mean age 64.7 years, range 25-85). RESULTS: The VEGF, VEGF-R1, and -R2 mRNA levels were higher in tumour than in kidney cortex tissues. Among the RCC types, cRCC had higher VEGF levels than pRCC. In cRCC, VEGF-R2 levels were higher in stage I-II than in more advanced stages. In pRCC, VEGF and VEGF-R2 levels were higher in stage III than in stage I-II tumours. In cRCC, patients with VEGF levels below the median had a significantly shorter survival time than those with higher levels. By contrast, in pRCC, VEGF, VEGF-R1 and -R2 RNA levels above the median were related to adverse survival. Using multivariate analysis in cRCCs, VEGF-R1 mRNA level was the last factor to be omitted after stepwise elimination analysis. CONCLUSION: VEGF and its receptors were associated with tumour stage and survival, but were not independent prognostic factors. Different RCC types had different expression patterns of VEGF and receptor mRNA levels. We conclude that different pathways might be involved in regulating angiogenesis in the specific RCC types. Detailed knowledge of angiogenesis in RCC is essential when designing new treatment trials where angiogenesis inhibition is used.
