Peri-implant radiographic bone level and associated factors in Spain.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate radiographic bone level (RxBL) at dental implants and its associated factors in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed by a network of sentinel dentists from regions of Spain. RxBL was defined as the distance from the implant shoulder to the first clearly visible contact between the implant surface and the bone. Radiographic measurements were performed by two trained and experienced periodontists. Implant and patient data were also collected. Descriptive, bivariate, discriminative and multivariate analyses were done. RESULTS: A total of 49 sentinel dentists provided data 275 patients. Mean RxBL from 474 implants (5-13 years) was 1.87 mm (range: 0.00-13.17 mm). Statistically significant associations between RxBL and clinical output variables (bleeding on probing, oedema, plaque, probing depth, suppuration, keratinized tissue) were found. In the multiple regression analysis, statistically significant associations for RxBL were found for smoking habit, implant diameter, years of follow-up and type of prosthesis (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Peri-implant RxBL ranged from 0 to 13.17 mm. It was significantly associated with clinical output variables and with some potentially predictor variables, at patient- (smoking >10 cigarettes/day) and implant- (diameter, years of follow-up, Toronto bridge) levels.

Association between caries and periodontal diseases in a sample of employed adults in Spain: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To study whether there is an association between caries and periodontitis in a representative sample from employed Spanish adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study is part of a wide epidemiological survey (WORALTH, Workers' ORAL healTH). Oral examination was carried out in 5130 dentate subjects. Periodontal status was assessed by clinical attachment level (CAL) and Community Periodontal Index (CPI) in index teeth. For caries, all teeth were classified as healthy, decayed (D), filled (F), or missed (M), and DMFT index and prevalence of cavitated caries were calculated. ANOVA, Chi-square tests, and regression models were performed. RESULTS: DMFT increased with CAL values, being 7.8, 9.6, and 10.5 for CAL 0-3 mm, 4-5 mm, and ≥ 6 mm, respectively. After adjustment for confounders, subjects with CPI ≥ 3 showed an odds ratio of 1.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) [1.3; 1.8]; p < 0.001) for presenting cavitated caries, and patients with CAL ≥ 6 mm had 0.8 higher mean DMFT (95% CI [0.2; 1.5]; p = 0.015), and 0.3 higher mean DFR (95% CI [0.2; 0.5]; p < 0.001) than those with CAL < 6 mm. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of CAL ≥ 6 m mm was associated with an increased DMFT and DFR, and the presence of CPI ≥ 3 was associated with a higher prevalence of cavitated caries in this representative sample. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There is a tendency to present higher prevalence of dental caries among patients with periodontitis. Therefore, common preventive measures in dentistry, such as oral hygiene practices, should ideally include actions aimed to prevent at the same time dental caries and periodontitis.

COVID-19: A Recommendation to Examine the Effect of Mouthrinses with ß-Cyclodextrin Combined with Citrox in Preventing Infection and Progression.

Considered to be a major portal of entry for infectious agents, the oral cavity is directly associated with the evolutionary process of SARS-CoV-2 in its inhalation of ambient particles in the air and in expectorations. Some new generations of mouth rinses currently on the market have ingredients that could contribute to lower the SARS-CoV-2 viral load, and thus facilitate the fight against oral transmission. If chlorhexidine, a usual component of mouth rinse, is not efficient to kill SARS-CoV-2, the use of a mouth rinses and/or with local nasal applications that contain ß-cyclodextrins combined with flavonoids agents, such as Citrox, could provide valuable adjunctive treatment to reduce the viral load of saliva and nasopharyngeal microbiota, including potential SARS-CoV-2 carriage. We urge national agencies and authorities to start clinical trials to evaluate the preventive effects of ßCD-Citrox therapeutic oral biofilm rinses in reducing the viral load of the infection and possibly disease progression.

Calibrated interdental brushing for the prevention of periodontal pathogens infection in young adults - a randomized controlled clinical trial.

Periodontal disease is clearly correlated with systemic disease. The presence of periodontal pathogens in interdental spaces in young, healthy adults is a strong indicator of the need to introduce daily interdental prophylaxis. Twenty-five subjects (aged 18-35 years), diagnosticated clinically as periodontally healthy, were enrolled in this study. One hundred interdental sites were included. Among these sites, 50 "test" sites were cleaned daily with calibrated interdental brushes (IDBs), whereas the other 50 sites were not cleaned and considered "controls". The interdental biofilm at these interdental sites was collected at the beginning of the study (basal) and at 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, and 3 months. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology was used to quantify (i) 19 periodontal bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia, and (ii) total bacteria. In the test sites, the quantity of total bacteria decreased over time with the use of IDBs. The bacteria from the red and orange Socransky complexes, which are associated with periodontal disease, significantly decreased in the test sites but not in the control sites. Bacteria from the yellow, and purple Socransky complexes, which are associated with periodontal health, increased significantly in both groups whereas bacteria from the blue Socransky complex increased significantly only in the test sites. Furthermore, at basal, 66% of test sites and 68% of control sites bled during interdental brushing. These percentages decreased by 85% in 3 months for the test sites and by 27% in the control sites. In conclusion, the daily use of calibrated IDBs can reduce periodontal pathogens, reestablish symbiotic microbiota and, decrease interdental inflammation in interdental sites of healthy young adults.

The Oral Bacterial Microbiome of Interdental Surfaces in Adolescents According to Carious Risk.

Adolescence is closely associated with a high risk of caries. The identification of specific bacteria in an oral microniche, the interdental space of the molars, according to carious risk can facilitate the prediction of future caries and the anticipation of the progression or stabilization of caries in adolescents. A cross-sectional clinical study according to the bacteriological criteria of interdental healthy adolescents and carious risk factors-low and high-using a real-time polymerase chain reaction technique was conducted. The presence of 26 oral pathogens from the interdental microbiota of 50 adolescents aged 15 to 17 years were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Bacteria known to be cariogenic (Bifidobacterium dentium, Lactobacillus spp., Rothia dentocariosa, Streptococcus cristatus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Streptococcus wiggsiae) did not present differences in abundance according to carious risk. Periodontal bacteria from the red complex are positively correlated with carious risk. However, only 3 bacteria-S. sobrinus, E corrodens and T. forsythia-presented a significant increase in the highest group. Estimating the risk of caries associated with bacterial factors in interdental sites of molars in adolescents contributes to the better definition of carious risk status, periodicity and intensity of diagnostic, prevention and restorative services.

Effect of a Toothpaste/Mouthwash Containing Carica papaya Leaf Extract on Interdental Gingival Bleeding: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Clinical research on herbal-based dentifrice +/- mouth rinse products is very limited compared with the plethora of research on conventional oral care products under normal oral hygiene conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of a novel plant Carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE) on interdental bleeding in healthy subjects. In this randomized, single-blind parallel-design study, the eligible subjects were generally healthy non-smokers, aged 18⁻26, who exhibited healthy periodontal conditions upon study entry. The participants were equally randomized into the following four groups: CPLE dentifrice, CPLE dentifrice and mouthwash, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-free enzyme-containing dentifrice and SLS-free enzyme-containing dentifrice with essential oil (EO) mouthwash. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice a day without changing their other brushing habits. Interdental bleeding (BOIP) was measured from inclusion (T0) until the fourth week (T4) of the study. Clinical efficacy was assessed after one, two, three and four weeks of home use. The analyses compared BOIP between groups and were then restricted to participants with ≥70% and then ≥80% bleeding sites at T0. Pairwise comparisons between groups were performed at T0 and T4, and a logistic regression identified correlates of gingival bleeding (T4). Among 100 subjects (2273 interdental sites), the median percentage of bleeding sites per participant at T0 was 65%. The bleeding sites dramatically decreased in all groups between T0 and T4 (relative variations from -54% to -75%, p < 0.01 for all). Gingival bleeding did not significantly differ between the CPLE dentifrice and the SLS-free dentifrice +/- EO mouthwash groups (from p = 0.05 to p = 0.86), regardless of the baseline risk level. Among the CPLE dentifrice users, fewer bleeding sites were observed when toothpaste and mouthwash were combined compared to bleeding sites in those who used toothpaste alone (21% vs. 32%, p = 0.04). CPLE dentifrice/mouthwash provides an efficacious and natural alternative to SLS-free dentifrice +/-EO-containing mouthwash when used as an adjunct to mechanical oral care to reduce interdental gingival inflammation.

Prevalence and risk indicators of peri-implant diseases in Spain.

AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of peri-implant diseases in Spain, as well as the associated risk indicators. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study using a network of sentinel dentists, who randomly selected 10 patients with implants (placed, at least, 5 years before), which were clinically and radiographically evaluated. Case definitions were established for peri-implant mucositis [bleeding on probing (BOP) and no bone level ≥2 mm] and peri-implantitis (BOP plus bone level ≥2 mm). Potential predictor variables, at univariate and multivariate levels, were explored by means of binary logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 49 sentinel dentists provided complete data from 474 implants in 275 patients. At implant level, prevalences for peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis were 27% (95% confidence interval [CI] 22-32) and 20% (95% CI: 15-24), respectively, with 17% of implants (14-21) with bone level ≥2 mm without BOP. At patient level, prevalences were 27% (22-32), 24% (19-29) and 18% (13-22), respectively. In the multiple regression analysis, statistically significant associations for peri-implantitis (p < 0.10) were found for gender, peri-implant supportive therapy, implant location, diameter and surface, type of prosthesis and access to interproximal hygiene. CONCLUSIONS: In this representative subject sample across Spain, the prevalence of peri-implant diseases was high (51%).

Educational outcomes of a new curriculum on interproximal oral prophylaxis for dental students.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a preclinical oral prophylaxis education program by examining the effectiveness of the teaching module on changes to the students' attitudes towards their individual hygiene behaviors with interdental brushes (IDBs). METHODS: As being part of a new didactic program on oral interproximal prophylaxis, all preclinical third-year students (n = 96) enrolled in the 2014/15 academic year received theoretical, preclinical, and clinical lessons on interproximal prophylaxis. The evaluation of educational outcomes was linked to observed changes in students' hygiene behaviors using interdental brushes. Knowledge, skills, attitudes, satisfaction, competence and performance were also explored. The evaluation interviews were recorded at each recall, i.e., 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 1 year after baseline. RESULTS: Motivation to use IDBs is clearly related to the perception of the effectiveness of the brushes and the perception of bleeding reduction. At one week, 89.6% of subjects reported using IDBs. Individual use decreased significantly from one week to one month (-26%, p = 0.006) while a non-significant upward trend occurred between one month and three months. Among students reporting usage of IDBs at 1 year (20.8%), only 2.0% used IDBs daily. Most students would recommend IDBs to other people at the beginning (69.8%). However, this share dropped to 50% at 3 months. IDB-users prescribed more than non-users. DISCUSSION AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS: The implementation of a module on interdental hygiene practices in the oral health program is strongly recommended. However, corrective measures should be considered regarding the organization and frequency of recall periods in order to improve the performance of the curriculum.

Prevalence of the Signs and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorders Among Spanish Adults and Seniors According to Five National Surveys Performed Between 1993 and 2015.

AIMS: To determine the prevalence of the signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and associated variables over the past two decades in samples of Spanish adults and seniors. METHODS: Data from Spanish national oral health surveys from the last two decades (1993, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015) were analyzed from a total of 2,602 adults (35-44 years of age) and 2,529 seniors (65-74 years of age). All surveys were carried out using similar methods (according to World Health Organization standards) for determining prosthetic, dental, and periodontal statuses. For TMD (assessed only among the adults and seniors), inspection/palpation of the temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscles was used to evaluate three different domains: joint sounds; pain-related conditions (joints/muscles); and range of jaw motion. Risk factors were identified using bivariate analysis and were confirmed after a multivariate logistic regression analysis for predicting the presence of TMD pain/dysfunction. RESULTS: Despite the clear improvement in oral health status observed over the entire study period (1993-2015), the prevalence of temporomandibular pain and dysfunction increased over time in both adults and seniors (the odds ratio [OR] 95% confidence interval [CI] for the entire study period increased, to 2.39 to 4.29). The odds of women and those living in rural areas developing TMD were higher than for men (OR = 1.85; 95% CI 1.52 to 2.25; P < .001) and for those living in urban areas (OR = 1.55; 95% CI 1.24 to 1.94; P < .001), respectively; however, the prevalence of joint sounds (with no pain or functional restrictions) appeared to be stable throughout the study period at around 14%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of painful or dysfunctional TMD has significantly increased in the last 22 years in Spain. Besides the time factor, other major predictors of TMD were gender and place of residence.

Efficacy of interdental calibrated brushes on bleeding reduction in adults: a 3-month randomized controlled clinical trial.

This study investigated the effect of interdental brushes on the reduction of interproximal bleeding in adults without periodontal disease. Forty-six adults were enrolled in a 3-month, observer-blinded, parallel-group randomized control trial. The test group used a standard manual toothbrush twice daily and an interdental brush daily. The control group used a standard manual toothbrush. At each visit, a calibrated colorimetric probe was used in all interdental spaces to determine the appropriate size of the interdental brush required, the brush of the corresponding size was introduced into the interproximal space, and the presence of bleeding was recorded. The outcome was the frequency of bleeding after application of the appropriate interdental brush. All participants were evaluated 1 wk, 1 month, and 3 months after the baseline visit. The overall preventive fraction with respect to bleeding frequency was 46% at 1 wk and 72% at 3 months. More bleeding reduction was observed in anterior sites than in posterior sites (80% vs. 69%, respectively). Participants with low baseline bleeding frequency presented with less bleeding (OR = 2.3). This study shows that daily use of calibrated interdental brushes reduces interdental bleeding. These findings may support interdental cleaning as an effective means to help individuals maintain and/or achieve optimal oral health.

Oral Health Behavior and Lifestyle Factors among Overweight and Non-Overweight Young Adults in Europe: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study.

Being overweight is a risk factor for many chronic diseases including oral diseases. Our aim was to study the associations between oral health behavior, lifestyle factors and being overweight among young European adults, 2011-2012. The subjects constituted a representative sample of adult population aged 18-35 years from eight European countries participating in the Escarcel study. The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire on dietary habits, oral health behavior, smoking, exercise, height, and weight. Overweight was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m² using the World Health Organization criteria. Mean BMI was 23.2 (SD 3.48) and 24.3% of the study population were overweight. Those who were overweight drank more soft drinks (p = 0.005) and energy drinks (p = 0.006) compared with those who were non-overweight. Brushing once a day (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.3-2.0), emergency treatment as the reason for last dental visit (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.3-1.9) and having seven or more eating or drinking occasions daily (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1-1.7) were statistically significantly associated with overweight. Associations were found between oral health behavior, lifestyle and overweight. A greater awareness of the detrimental lifestyle factors including inadequate oral health habits among overweight young adults is important for all healthcare providers, including oral health care professionals.

Access to Interdental Brushing in Periodontal Healthy Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

PURPOSE: Interdental diameter space is largely undefined in adults, which compromises the decision support for daily interdental cleaning during routine practice in individual oral prophylaxis. This study assesses the distribution of diameter access of interdental spaces in an 18- to 25-year-old adult population free of periodontal disease. METHODS: In March-April 2015, a cross-sectional study using random sampling was performed at the University Lyon 1, France. The interproximal dental spaces of 99 individuals were examined using a colorimetric calibrated probe associated with the corresponding calibrated interdental brush (IDB). RESULTS: Of the 2,408 out of 2,608 sites, the overall accessibility prevalence of any interdental brushing was 92.3%. In total, 80.6% of the sites required interdental brushes with smaller diameters (0.6-0.7 mm). In anterior sites, the diameter of the interdental brushes used was smaller (55.8% of IDB with 0.6 mm) than the diameter of the interdental brushes used in posterior sites (26.1% of IDB with 0.6 mm) (p < 0.01). The adjusted ORs indicate a significant association with the location of the sites (approximately doubling the risk of bleeding, i.e., OR = 1.9, in posterior sites). CONCLUSIONS: Most interdental sites can be cleaned using interdental brushes. Even in healthy people, interdental hygiene requirements are very high. Strengthening the oral hygiene capacity by specifically using interdental brushes can have an effect on the health of the entire population. Screening of the accessibility of the interdental space should be a component of a routine examination for all patients.

Periodontal conditions among employed adults in Spain.

AIM: To assess the prevalence and severity of periodontal conditions among a representative sample of employed adults in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A national cross-sectional study was conducted during 2008-2011. Periodontal status of 5130 workers, stratified by gender, age and occupation, was assessed based on Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), following the WHO criteria. RESULTS: The percentage of subjects with periodontal pockets (CPI codes 3-4) was 38.4%, [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 36.4-40.5] increasing significantly in subjects ≥45 years; 13.7% (95% CI: 12.8-14.7) of workers showed CAL 4-5 mm, while 7.7% (95% CI: 7.0-8.5) showed CAL ≥6 mm, again increasing significantly in the population ≥45 years. Prevalence of worse periodontal conditions was significantly higher in male workers, in subjects with primary school education and lower income, and in smokers and former smokers. The periodontal condition in young adults (35-44 years) was worse in comparison with those previously reported in Spanish national surveys. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of destructive periodontal diseases was age-, gender-, education-, income- and tobacco smoking-related. Young adults showed worse periodontal conditions than has been previously reported in national surveys in Spain. It is suggested to include oral evaluation and preventive strategies in work-related medical check-ups.

EFP Delphi study on the trends in Periodontology and Periodontics in Europe for the year 2025.

AIM: The aim was to assess the potential trends in Periodontology and Periodontics in Europe that might be anticipated by the year 2025, using the Delphi method. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The expert opinion of 120 experts was sought through the use of an open-ended questionnaire, developed by an advisory group, containing 40 questions concerning the various trends in periodontology. RESULTS: The experts (113 responders) expect a stabilization of the prevalence of periodontitis, both for the chronic as well as the aggressive cases, but an increase in implant-related diseases up to the year 2025. Concurrently, the importance of implants is seen to be increasing. They foresee an increased demand for postgraduate periodontology and implantology training. This is mirrored in an increase in publications for implant dentistry and increase in demand and need for training. Concerning the patients, better-informed individuals seeking more routine check-ups are expected. CONCLUSION: A continued need for specialized periodontists, but also well trained dental practitioners is foreseen for next decade in Europe. Apart from periodontology they will be increasingly exposed to and trained in implant dentistry.

Clinical and sociodemographic predictors of oral pain and eating problems among adult and senior Spaniards in the national survey performed in 2010.

BACKGROUND: Pain and chewing difficulties have been identified as the strongest predictors of oral disadvantage. The aim of this study is to analyze and quantify the sociodemographic, behavioural and clinical factors modulating the oral pain and eating difficulties reported by Spanish adults and elderly Spanish people in the last National Oral Health Survey performed in 2010. STUDY DESIGN: Data concerning pain and chewing difficulties were acquired on a Likert­scale format from a representative sample of the Spanish general population with ages between 35-44 years (n=391) and 65­74 years (n=405). Risk factors were identified using bivariate analysis, after which the crude association between risk factors (sociodemographic, behavioural and clinical) and outcome variables (pain and eating problems) was assessed by adjusted odds ratios, calculated by means of multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Eating problems and oral pain were mainly associated with prosthetic and caries treatment needs as clinical predictors, but female sex was also seen to be a relevant and significant risk factor for suffering pain and eating restrictions. Paradoxically, after taking into account all the aforementioned predictors, the adults had an almost two­fold higher risk of reporting pain or eating difficulties than the elderly subjects. CONCLUSIONS: In agreement with the results from the last national oral health survey, prosthetic and caries treatment needs should be considered key factors in determining the oral well­being of the Spanish population. In sociodemographic terms, the women and adults were seen to be at a significantly higher risk of suffering pain and eating restrictions.

Rationale for the prevention of oral diseases in primary health care: an international collaborative study in oral health education.

Ensuring that members of society are healthy and reaching their full potential requires the prevention of oral diseases through the promotion of oral health and well-being. The present article identifies the best policy conditions of effective public health and primary care integration and the actors who promote and sustain these efforts. In this review, arguments and recommendations are provided to introduce an oral health collaborative promotion programme called Live.Learn.Laugh. phase 2, arising from an unique partnership between FDI World Dental Federation, the global company Unilever plc and an international network of National Dental Associations, health-care centres, schools and educators populations.

LLL2: an international global level questionnaire on toothbrushing and use of fluoride toothpaste.

PURPOSE: To determine the evolution of toothbrushing frequency and use of fluoridetoothpaste in the FDI-Unilever partnership Live.Learn.Laugh. phase 2 programme using a self-reported questionnaire. METHODS: The study was conducted in 23 countries. The key focus of this partnership was to educate people about the benefits of twice-daily brushing with fluoride toothpaste and to support people in adopting this important oral health behaviour. The partnership offers a choice of four project options to the local partnership team of the National Dental Association and local Unilever-operating companies. A self-report questionnaire was used in all participating subjects in local projects to evaluate the brushing frequency, the brushing timing and the use of fluoride toothpaste. RESULTS: After implementation of the project interventions, a clear improvement in the reported frequency of brushing twice a day, regardless of the type of project, was observed. Subjects also increased day and night brushing and the use of fluoride toothpaste. CONCLUSION: The strategy of using mothers to increase healthy behaviours in oral health achieved the greatest increase in twice-daily toothbrushing, followed by the intervention in schools.

Global burden of dental condition among children in nine countries participating in an international oral health promotion programme, 2012-2013.

The Live.Learn.Laugh. phase 2 programme is a unique global partnership between FDI World Dental Federation and Unilever Oral Care which aims to provide measurable improvement of oral health on a global scale through encouraging twice-daily brushing with a fluoride toothpaste. It was based on international recommendations using the principles of health promotion within school for the implementation of preventive health strategies. This paper is an overview of the dental caries condition of children from 2012 to 2013 in nine countries included in four World Health Organisation (WHO) regions. A cross-sectional study was conducted in each country before the implementation of health-promotion measures focused on twice-daily toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste. The sample was based on stratified sampling according to the WHO pathfinder recommendations. From a total of 7,949 children examined, there were 517 children (1-2 years of age), 1,667 preschool children (3-5 years of age) and 5,789 schoolchildren (6-13 years of age). The prevalence and severity of primary dental caries, early childhood caries and temporary dental caries were described using decayed, filled teeth (dft), permanent decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) indices and the significant caries index (SCI). The major findings were a high prevalence of caries, identification of high-risk groups and inequality in the distribution of the severity of dental conditions. Aggregated data from this overview should provide justification for implementing an oral health programme. The main point is the need to retain and expand the community fluoridation programme as an effective preventive measure. At the individual level, the aggregated data identify the need for more targeted efforts to reach children early - especially among specific high-risk groups.

Hábitos de higiene bucodental en la población trabajadora española / Oral hygiene habits in the Spanish working population

Objetivo: analizar los hábitos de higiene bucodental de la población trabajadora española. Método: estudio observacional de una muestra de 5.176 trabajadores que acudieron a realizarse un examen de Salud Laboral entre abril de 2008 y junio de 2011. Muestreo estratificado aleatorio. Los participantes completaron un Cuestionario sobre Salud Bucodental con información sobre variables demográficas, laborales y hábitos de salud bucodental. Resultados: el 63,7% de los sujetos (IC 95%: 62,4-65,0) refirieron cepillarse los dientes más de una vez al día (82,6% de las mujeres y 50,9% de los hombres), mientras que el 60,6% (IC 95%: 59,2-62,0) no usaban la seda dental y solo un 6,4% (IC 95%: 5,7-7,1) lo hacían más de una vez al día. Los hábitos de higiene más deficitarios se asociaron con ser varón, ocupaciones manuales y menores estudios e ingresos (p<0,05). Los hábitos de higiene bucodental de la población trabajadora española presentan importantes áreas de mejora (AU)

Methods: a cross sectional study of 5,176 workers, who underwent a routine work-related medical check-up from April 2008 to June 2011. Stratified random sampling. Participants fulfilled a questionnaire comprising demographic, occupational and oral hygiene habits items. Results: 63.7% (CI 95% 62.4-65.0) of workers referred to brush their teeth more than once per day (82.6% of females and 50.9% of males), while 60.6% (CI 95% 59.2-62.0) of them referred not to floss at all, and only 6.4% (CI 95% 5.7-7.1) of workers used dental floss more than once per day. Poorer oral hygiene habits were associated with male workers, blue-collar occupations, lower income and lower education level (p<0.05). Our results suggest that oral hygiene habits in the Spanish working population show important areas for improvement (AU)

Oral pain and eating problems in Spanish adults and elderly in the Spanish National Survey performed in 2005.

AIMS: To analyze and quantify the sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical factors influencing the oral pain and eating difficulties reported by Spanish 35- to 44-year-old adults and more elderly people in the most recent Spanish National Oral Health Survey. METHODS: Pain and chewing difficulties were gathered in a Likert-scale format from a representative sample of the Spanish general population between the ages of 35 and 44 years (n = 540) and 65 to 74 years (n = 540). Risk factors were identified using bivariate analysis, after which the crude association between risk factors (sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical) and outcome variables (pain and eating problems) was assessed by adjusted odds ratios, calculated by means of multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: In the 35- to 44-year-old adults, eating problems were mainly associated with caries and prosthetic treatment needs and oral pain by the number of decayed teeth. In the more elderly individuals, eating problems and oral pain were influenced by prosthetic needs and the number of missing teeth. Female sex was seen to be a risk factor for suffering pain and eating restrictions. Additionally, several independent variables such as social class, place of residence, brushing habits, or periodontal needs became nonsignificant after logistic regression modelling. CONCLUSION: According to this high-specificity regression model, caries and prosthetic treatment needs should be considered key factors in determining the oral well-being of the Spanish population. Missing teeth represent the most relevant influencing factor for the elderly and decayed teeth for younger adults.