ABSTRACT
Introducción. El autismo es un trastorno heterogéneo. La posibilidad de determinar sus características a lo largo del tiempo tendrá una gran repercusión en el pronóstico y las predicciones que se puedan hacer. En ese sentido, el cociente intelectual y su posible estabilidad a lo largo del ciclo vital pueden ayudar a definir mejor el fenotipo del trastorno y sus necesidades asociadas. Desarrollo. Los estudios longitudinales muestran cierta estabilidad en las puntuaciones del cociente intelectual, sobre todo a partir de los años escolares. Antes, en la etapa preescolar, existe mayor variabilidad, especialmente en aquellos niños que tienen un funcionamiento intelectual límite o discapacidad intelectual moderada. Conclusión. Debe seguirse desarrollando más investigación para conocer el perfil cognitivo de las personas con trastorno del espectro autista y poder realizar predicciones a partir de su funcionamiento intelectual (AU)
Introduction. Autism is a heterogeneous disorder. The possibility of determining its characteristics over time will have a great impact on the prognosis and predictions that can be made. In that regard, the intelligence quotient and its possible stability throughout the life cycle can help to better define the phenotype of the disorder and its associated needs. Development. Longitudinal studies show a certain level of stability in intelligence quotient scores, especially starting from the school years. Before, in the preschool stage, there is greater variability, especially in those children who have a borderline intellectual functioning or moderate intellectual disability. Conclusion. More research should continue to be developed to know the cognitive profile of people with autism spectrum disorder and be able to make predictions based on their intellectual functioning (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Autistic Disorder/physiopathology , Intelligence/physiology , Intellectual Disability/epidemiology , Cognitive Dysfunction , Intelligence/classification , Intelligence Tests/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Introducción. De manera sintética se da cuenta de las características heterogéneas de funcionamiento de las personas con trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) y cómo dichas características también pueden estar en la base de la variabilidad en la respuesta al tratamiento. Se recalca la necesidad de combinar, en el tratamiento, la práctica basada en la evidencia y una comprensión profunda de los TEA. Desarrollo. Se explican algunos de los principios esenciales que deben guiar el tratamiento desde la óptica de indicadores de calidad que han de contener los programas de intervención. Se incide en las características y contenidos que forman parte de los programas que se llevan a cabo en el ámbito de la intervención temprana, explicando brevemente algunos de esos programas, y posteriormente se caracteriza la intervención, con el uso de técnicas y estrategias, que habitualmente se realiza en niños y adolescentes de alto nivel de funcionamiento. Conclusión. La investigación y conocimiento acumulados y la cada vez mayor evidencia experimental configuran las características que deben adoptar los programas de intervención y tratamiento usados en personas con TEA. Dicho tratamiento debe comenzar de manera temprana, lo antes posible y extenderse a lo largo del ciclo vital (AU)
Introduction. Synthetically realizes heterogeneous operating characteristics of people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and how these features can also be based on the variability in response to treatment. It emphasizes the need to combine, in treatment, evidence-based practice with a deep understanding of ASD. Development. It explains some of the key principles that should guide the treatment from the standpoint of quality indicators should include intervention programs, to then influence the features and content that are part of the programs carried out in the field early intervention, briefly explaining some of these programs and then characterize the intervention, with the use of techniques and strategies, which is usually carried out with children and adolescents in high-functioning. Conclusion. Research and accumulated knowledge and the increasing experimental evidence configure the features to be taken by intervention and treatment programs that are used with people with ASD. Such treatment should begin early, as soon as possible and spread over the life cycle (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/diagnosis , Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/psychology , Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/therapy , Asperger Syndrome/therapy , Behavior Therapy/methods , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , Early Intervention, Educational , Evidence-Based Medicine , Family Relations , Quality Indicators, Health Care , Role Playing , Self CareABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Synthetically realizes heterogeneous operating characteristics of people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and how these features can also be based on the variability in response to treatment. It emphasizes the need to combine, in treatment, evidence-based practice with a deep understanding of ASD. DEVELOPMENT: It explains some of the key principles that should guide the treatment from the standpoint of quality indicators should include intervention programs, to then influence the features and content that are part of the programs carried out in the field early intervention, briefly explaining some of these programs and then characterize the intervention, with the use of techniques and strategies, which is usually carried out with children and adolescents in high-functioning. CONCLUSION: Research and accumulated knowledge and the increasing experimental evidence configure the features to be taken by intervention and treatment programs that are used with people with ASD. Such treatment should begin early, as soon as possible and spread over the life cycle.
TITLE: Tratamiento de los trastornos del espectro autista: union entre la comprension y la practica basada en la evidencia.Introduccion. De manera sintetica se da cuenta de las caracteristicas heterogeneas de funcionamiento de las personas con trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) y como dichas caracteristicas tambien pueden estar en la base de la variabilidad en la respuesta al tratamiento. Se recalca la necesidad de combinar, en el tratamiento, la practica basada en la evidencia y una comprension profunda de los TEA. Desarrollo. Se explican algunos de los principios esenciales que deben guiar el tratamiento desde la optica de indicadores de calidad que han de contener los programas de intervencion. Se incide en las caracteristicas y contenidos que forman parte de los programas que se llevan a cabo en el ambito de la intervencion temprana, explicando brevemente algunos de esos programas, y posteriormente se caracteriza la intervencion, con el uso de tecnicas y estrategias, que habitualmente se realiza en niños y adolescentes de alto nivel de funcionamiento. Conclusion. La investigacion y conocimiento acumulados y la cada vez mayor evidencia experimental configuran las caracteristicas que deben adoptar los programas de intervencion y tratamiento usados en personas con TEA. Dicho tratamiento debe comenzar de manera temprana, lo antes posible y extenderse a lo largo del ciclo vital.
Subject(s)
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/therapy , Adolescent , Asperger Syndrome/therapy , Behavior Therapy/methods , Child , Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/diagnosis , Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/psychology , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , Early Intervention, Educational , Evidence-Based Medicine , Family Relations , Humans , Precision Medicine , Quality Indicators, Health Care , Role Playing , Self CareABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Autism spectrum disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders with qualitative impairment in functioning domains and areas of human characteristically. It is important to know how is the outcome in the adolescent and adult age of these people to provide the services and support needed. DEVELOPMENT: We review the most important follow-up studies have been conducted in autism spectrum disorders, realizes the kind of designs that have been carried out and the results obtained in different areas of development and independent functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in outcome but these are generally poor in the population. A small proportion close or around 25% are experiencing better outcome. These cases generally correspond to what is known as high-functioning autism or Asperger syndrome.
Subject(s)
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Research DesignABSTRACT
Introducción. Los trastornos del espectro autista son trastornos del neurodesarrollo con alteraciones cualitativas en dominios y áreas de funcionamiento característicamente humanas. Es importante conocer cómo es la evolución en la edad adolescente y adulta de estas personas para proveer los servicios y apoyos necesarios. Desarrollo. Se revisan los estudios más importantes de seguimiento que se han realizado en los trastornos del espectro autista, se da cuenta del tipo de diseños que se han llevado a cabo y de los resultados obtenidos en distintos ámbitos del desarrollo y del funcionamiento independiente. Conclusión. Las mejoras en la evolución, aunque presentes, son generalmente pobres en la mayor parte de la población. Una pequeña proporción, cercana o en torno al 25%, experimenta mejor evolución. Dichos casos suelen corresponderse con lo que se denomina autismo de alto funcionamiento o síndrome de Asperger (AU)
Introduction. Autism spectrum disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders with qualitative impairment in functioning domains and areas of human characteristically. It is important to know how is the outcome in the adolescent and adult age of these people to provide the services and support needed. Development. We review the most important follow-up studies have been conducted in autism spectrum disorders, realices the kind of designs that have been carried out and the results obtained in different areas of development and independent functioning. Conclusions. Improvements in outcome but these are generally poor in the population. A small proportion close or around 25% are experiencing better outcome. These cases generally correspond to what is known as high-functioning autism or Asperger síndrome (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Child Development Disorders, Pervasive , Asperger Syndrome , Autistic Disorder , Disease Progression , Cognition , BehaviorABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The presence of a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the family causes an overall impact on parents and siblings manifested in a significant increase in stress. AIM: To analyze whether the implementation of a specific school of families for parents of people with ASD has a positive effect in the family impact, specifically in the stress perception and skills of parents who have children with ASD. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 27 parents having children with ASD participated in a school of families from which 13 of them filled a questionnaire of family impact before and after attending the training. Frequency and comparison analysis were carried out through the Wilcoxon interval test. RESULTS: After the following of the school of families, improvement tendencies were shown regarding the decrease of parent's stress, as regards the perception about their answers on their son's behaviors, and significantly, in the assessment of the quality of the time shared among parents and typically developing siblings. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to implement research programs with bigger samples aimed at being more precise on the influence of the specific training in stress for parents. The idea of developing training programs for families with ASD children is recommended for the different services that support this population as a way of helping in the decrease of stress.
Subject(s)
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/psychology , Education, Nonprofessional/organization & administration , Family Health , Parenting , Parents/education , Stress, Psychological/etiology , Adaptation, Psychological , Adult , Attitude , Child , Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/therapy , Child, Preschool , Consumer Behavior , Education , Emotions , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Parent-Child Relations , Parents/psychology , Problem Solving , Sibling Relations , Statistics, Nonparametric , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Stress, Psychological/therapy , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Introducción. La presencia de un hijo con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) en la familia provoca un impacto general en los padres y hermanos que se manifiesta en un aumento significativo del estrés. Objetivo. Analizar si la participación en una escuela de padres de personas con TEA repercute positivamente en el impacto familiar, en concreto, en la percepción de estrés y de competencia en los progenitores de niños con TEA. Sujetos y métodos. Un total de 27 progenitores de niños con TEA participaron en una escuela de familias, de los cuales 13 cumplimentaron un cuestionario de impacto familiar antes y después de desarrollar la formación. Se realizaron análisis de frecuencia y de comparación a través de la prueba de intervalos de Wilcoxon. Resultados. Tras el seguimiento de la escuela de familias, se observan tendencias de mejora en la disminución del estrés de los padres, en la percepción que tienen de la respuesta que dan a las conductas de sus hijos y, de forma significativa, en la valoración de la calidad del tiempo compartido de los padres y de los hermanos con desarrollo típico. Conclusiones. Es necesario realizar programas de investigación con muestras más grandes orientados a concretar la influencia de la formación específica para padres en el estrés que sienten. La perspectiva de desarrollar programas de formación para las familias de niños con TEA es recomendable para los diferentes servicios que atienden a esta población como forma de ayudar a la reducción del estrés (AU)
Introduction. The presence of a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the family causes an overall impact on parents and siblings manifested in a significant increase in stress. Aim. To analyze whether the implementation of a specific school of families for parents of people with ASD has a positive effect in the family impact, specifically in the stress perception and skills of parents who have children with ASD. Subjects and methods. A total of 27 parents having children with ASD participated in a school of families from which 13 of them filled a questionnaire of family impact before and after attending the training. Frequency and comparison analysis were carried out through the Wilcoxon interval test. Results. After the following of the school of families, improvement tendencies were shown regarding the decrease of parents stress, as regards the perception about their answers on their sons behaviors, and significantly, in the assessment of the quality of the time shared among parents and typically developing siblings. Conclusions. It is necessary to implement research programs with bigger samples aimed at being more precise on the influence of the specific training in stress for parents. The idea of developing training programs for families with ASD children is recommended for the different services that support this population as a way of helping in the decrease of stress (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Stress, Psychological , Autistic Disorder , Parents/psychology , Family Therapy/methods , Evaluation of the Efficacy-Effectiveness of InterventionsABSTRACT
Introducción. El estudio parte de la hipótesis que sostiene que la dificultad para identificar y describir emociones y sentimientos, y para diferenciar los sentimientos de las sensaciones corporales que los acompañan, se configuran en denominador común del constructo de alexitimia y del síndrome de Asperger (SA). Pacientes y métodos. La investigación evalúa los niveles de alexitimia en nueve varones adultos con SA. Resultados. Los resultados se clasifican en función de si la fuente de información es el propio sujeto con SA (nivel de alexitimia significativo en dos tercios de los sujetos encuestados) o si dicha fuente es un familiar (puntuación final en relación a la presencia de alexitima el doble que en la población neurotípica). Conclusión. En base a los adultos estudiados se confirma una comorbilidad significativa entre alexitimia y SA que conduce al cuestionamiento de si la alexitimia es un rasgo idiosincrásico de los sujetos con SA (AU)
Introduction. The study starts with the hypothesis that the difficulty to identify and describe emotions and feelings, and to differentiate the feelings of bodily sensations that accompany them, are a common denominator of the construct of alexithymia and Asperger syndrome (AS). Patients and methods. The study evaluates the levels of alexithymia in nine adult male subjects with AS. Results. The results are classified according to whether the source of information is the subject itself with SA (significant alexithymia level in 2/3 parts of the subjects surveyed) or if the source is a relative (the final score in relation to the presence of the alexithymia is the double than in neurotypical population). Conclusion. Its confirmed a significant comorbidity between alexithymia and SA leading to the question of whether alexithymia is a idiosyncratic trait of individuals with SA (AU)
