Influence of the Results of Control of Intakes, Proteins and Anthropometry Nutritional Screening, Sarcopenia and Body Composition on the Clinical Evolution of Hospitalized Patients.

(1) Background: Hospital malnutrition and sarcopenia are common in inpatients and are associated with worse prognosis. Our objective is to determine the association of the positivity of CIPA (Control of Intakes, Proteins and Anthropometry) nutrition screening tool and sarcopenia and evaluate its prognostic implications (length of stay, readmissions and mortality) as well as different components of body composition. (2) Methodology: Cross-sectional single-center study and prospective six months follow-up for prognostic variables. On admission, CIPA and EWGSOP2 criteria were assessed. (3) Results: Four hundred inpatients, a median of 65.71 years old and 83.6% with high comorbidity, were evaluated. In total, 34.8% had positive CIPA and 19.3% sarcopenia. Positive CIPA and sarcopenia had worse results in body composition (fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI)) and dynamometry. Positive CIPA is significantly associated with worse prognosis (mortality (OR = 1.99), readmissions (OR = 1.86) and length of stay (B = 0.19)). Positive CIPA and sarcopenia combined are associated with a tendency to higher mortality (OR = 2.1, p = 0.088). Low hand grip strength (HGS) is significantly related to a higher length of stay (B = -0.12). (4) Conclusions: In hospitalized patients, malnutrition independently and combined with sarcopenia is associated with a worse prognosis but not body composition. Low HGS is related to a higher length of stay.

Effectiveness of Internet-Based Multicomponent Interventions for Patients and Health Care Professionals to Improve Clinical Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Evaluated Through the INDICA Study: Multiarm Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease in which health outcomes are related to decision making by patients and health care professionals. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of internet-based multicomponent interventions to support decision making of all actors involved in the care of patients with T2DM in primary care. METHODS: The INDICA study is an open, community-based, multicenter trial with random allocation to usual care or the intervention for patients, the intervention for health care professionals in primary care, or the combined intervention for both. In the intervention for patients, participants received an educational group program and were monitored and supported by logs, a web-based platform, and automated SMS. Those in the intervention for professionals also received an educational program, a decision support tool embedded in the electronic clinical record, and periodic feedback about patients' results. A total of 2334 people with T2DM, regardless of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and without diabetes-related complications, were included. The primary end point was change in HbA1c level. The main analysis was performed using multilevel mixed models. RESULTS: For the overall sample, the intervention for patients attained a significant mean reduction in HbA1c levels of ‒0.27 (95% CI ‒0.45 to ‒0.10) at month 3 and ‒0.26 (95% CI ‒0.44 to ‒0.08) at month 6 compared with usual care, which remained marginally significant at month 12. A clinically relevant reduction in HbA1c level was observed in 35.6% (191/537) of patients in the intervention for patients and 26.0% (152/586) of those in usual care at month 12 (P=.006). In the combined intervention, HbA1c reduction was significant until month 18 (181/557, 32.6% vs 140/586, 23.9%; P=.009). Considering the subgroup of patients uncontrolled at baseline, all interventions produced significant reductions in HbA1c levels across the entire study period: ‒0.49 (95% CI ‒0.70 to ‒0.27) for the intervention for patients, ‒0.35 (95% CI ‒0.59 to ‒0.14) for the intervention for professionals, and ‒0.35 (95% CI ‒0.57 to ‒0.13) for the combined intervention. Differences in HbA1c for the area under the curve considering the entire period were significant for the intervention for patients and the combined intervention compared with usual care (P=.03 for both). Compared with usual care, the intervention for professionals and the combined intervention had significant longer-term reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: In uncontrolled patients, the intervention for patients at baseline provided clinically relevant and significant longer-term reductions of HbA1c levels. The intervention for professionals and combined intervention also improved the cardiovascular risk profile of patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01657227; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01657227.

Validación del cribado nutricional CIPA mediante variables clínicas pronósticas en pacientes quirúrgicos hospitalizados / Validation of CIPA nutritional screening through prognostic clinical variables in hospitalized surgical patients

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cribado nutricional CIPA (Control de Ingestas, Proteínas, Antropometría) es positivo cumpliendo al menos una de las siguientes condiciones: control de ingestas en 48-72 h <5 0%; albúmina < 3 g/dl, índice de masa corporal < 18,5 kg/m2 o circunferencia del brazo ≤ 22,5 cm. Tras su validación en pacientes hospitalizados con patologías no quirúrgicas, se realiza el mismo proceso en pacientes quirúrgicos. OBJETIVOS: Validación del cribado CIPA en pacientes hospitalizados quirúrgicos mediante comparación con Valoración Global Subjetiva (VGS) y analizando el pronóstico clínico de los pacientes. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo de pacientes quirúrgicos hospitalizados, valorando la prevalencia o riesgo de desnutrición a través de CIPA y VGS. Análisis de desnutrición hospitalaria a través de la asociación con las variables clínicas pronósticas estancia mediana, mortalidad y reingreso precoz. Concordancia entre ambos métodos de cribado mediante índice Kappa (κ), sensibilidad (S) y especificidad (E). RESULTADOS: Se analizan 226 pacientes. CIPA identifica una prevalencia de desnutrición o riesgo de padecerla del 35,40%, y VGS 30,08%. CIPA es capaz de detectar al paciente con mayor mortalidad hospitalaria (5% vs.0%, p = 0,006), a diferencia de la VGS (2,94% vs.1,27%, p = 0,385). CIPA también detectó aquellos con mayor estancia mediana (21 días [RIC 14-34 días] vs.14,5 días [RIC 9-27 días], p = 0,002) y reingresos precoces (25,3% vs.8,2%, p < 0,001). S y E de CIPA vs. VGS: 70,59% y 79,75%, respectivamente; κ = 0,479 (p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: Mediante el cribado nutricional CIPA la prevalencia de desnutrición o riesgo de padecerla en pacientes quirúrgicos es elevada, y estos cursan con peor evolución clínica, siendo válido y efectivo en este tipo de pacientes

INTRODUCTION: CIPA (Control of Food Intake, Protein, and Anthropometry) nutritional screening is positive when one of the following conditions is met: Control of Food Intake for 48-72h < 50 %; Albumin < 3 g/dL, Body Mass Index < 18.5 kg/m2 or Arm Circumference ≤ 22.5 cm. Following its validation in non-surgical inpatients, the same process was performed with surgical inpatients. OBJECTIVES: Validity of the CIPA screening tool in surgical inpatients by comparison with Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and analysis of clinical outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective study of hospitalized surgical patients, evaluating the prevalence or risk of malnutrition through CIPA and SGA. Analysis of hospital malnutrition according to CIPA screening and association with the clinical outcomes of median length of stay, mortality and early readmission. Concordance between both screening methods by Kappa Index (κ), sensitivity (S) and specificity (SP). RESULTS: A total of 226 patients were analysed. The prevalence of malnutrition or risk of malnutrition was identified by CIPA in 35.40% and by SGA in 30.08%. CIPA is capable of detecting patients at a greater risk of mortality during hospitalization (5% vs.0%, P = .006), unlike the SGA (2.94% vs.1.27%, P = .385). CIPA also detected patients with higher median length of stay (21 days [IQR 14-34 days] vs.14.5 days [IQR 9-27 days], P = .002) and rate of early readmissions (25.3% vs.8.2%, P < .001). S and SP of CIPA vs. SGA was 70.59% and 79.75%, respectively; Kappa index was 0.479 (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Using CIPA nutritional screening, the prevalence and risk of malnutrition in surgical patients is high, and they present poorer clinical outcomes, making CIPA valid and effective in this type of patients

Validation of CIPA nutritional screening through prognostic clinical variables in hospitalized surgical patients. / Validación del cribado nutricional CIPA mediante variables clínicas pronósticas en pacientes quirúrgicos hospitalizados.

INTRODUCTION: CIPA (Control of Food Intake, Protein, and Anthropometry) nutritional screening is positive when one of the following conditions is met: Control of Food Intake for 48-72h <50%; Albumin <3g/dL, Body Mass Index <18.5kg/m2 or Arm Circumference ≤22.5cm. Following its validation in non-surgical inpatients, the same process was performed with surgical inpatients. OBJECTIVES: Validity of the CIPA screening tool in surgical inpatients by comparison with Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and analysis of clinical outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective study of hospitalized surgical patients, evaluating the prevalence or risk of malnutrition through CIPA and SGA. Analysis of hospital malnutrition according to CIPA screening and association with the clinical outcomes of median length of stay, mortality and early readmission. Concordance between both screening methods by Kappa Index (κ), sensitivity (S) and specificity (SP). RESULTS: A total of 226 patients were analysed. The prevalence of malnutrition or risk of malnutrition was identified by CIPA in 35.40% and by SGA in 30.08%. CIPA is capable of detecting patients at a greater risk of mortality during hospitalization (5% vs. 0%, P=.006), unlike the SGA (2.94% vs. 1.27%, P=.385). CIPA also detected patients with higher median length of stay (21 days [IQR 14-34 days] vs. 14.5 days [IQR 9-27 days], P=.002) and rate of early readmissions (25.3% vs. 8.2%, P<.001). S and SP of CIPA vs. SGA was 70.59% and 79.75%, respectively; Kappa index was 0.479 (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Using CIPA nutritional screening, the prevalence and risk of malnutrition in surgical patients is high, and they present poorer clinical outcomes, making CIPA valid and effective in this type of patients.

Clinical and cost-effectiveness analysis of early detection of patients at nutrition risk during their hospital stay through the new screening method CIPA: a study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is highly prevalent in hospitalized patients and results in a worsened clinical course as well as an increased length of stay, mortality, and costs. Therefore, simple nutrition screening systems, such as CIPA (control of food intake, protein, anthropometry), may be implemented to facilitate the patient's recovery process. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of implementing such screening tool in a tertiary hospital, consistent with the lack of similar, published studies on any hospital nutrition screening system. METHODS: The present study is carried out as an open, controlled, randomized study on patients that were admitted to the Internal Medicine and the General and Digestive Surgery ward; the patients were randomized to either a control or an intervention group (n = 824, thereof 412 patients in each of the two study arms). The control group underwent usual inpatient clinical care, while the intervention group was evaluated with the CIPA screening tool for early detection of malnutrition and treated accordingly. CIPA nutrition screening was performed upon hospital admission and classified positive when at least one of the following parameters was met: 72 h food intake control < 50%, serum albumin < 3 g/dL, body mass index < 18.5 kg/m2 (or mid-upper arm circumference ≤ 22.5 cm). In this case, the doctor decided on whether or not providing nutrition support. The following variables will be evaluated: hospital length of stay (primary endpoint), mortality, 3-month readmission, and in-hospital complications. Likewise, the quality of life questionnaires EQ-5D-5 L are being collected for all patients at hospital admission, discharge, and 3 months post-discharge. Analysis of cost-effectiveness will be performed by measuring effectiveness in terms of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The cost per patient will be established by identifying health care resource utilization; cost-effectiveness will be determined through the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). We will calculate the incremental cost per QALY gained with respect to the intervention. DISCUSSION: This ongoing trial aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of implementing the malnutrition screening tool CIPA in a tertiary hospital. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trial.gov ( NCT02721706 ). First receivevd: March 1, 2016 Last updated: April 8, 2017 Last verified: April 2017.

[Introducing a mixed nutritional screening tool (CIPA) in a tertiary hospital]. / Introducción de un método mixto de cribado nutricional (CIPA) en un hospital de tercer nivel.

INTRODUCTION: Malnourishment in hospitalized patients is very prevalent and therefore it is important to implement screening methods. A mixed nutritional screening method (CIPA) has been developed at our center; this method includes four parameters: (a) control of intakes for 72 h; (b) BMI; (c) proteins; and (d) albumin. OBJECTIVES: (1) To know the prevalence of malnourishment at the Internal Medicine Department of our Center; (2) To analyze the variables associated to higher prevalence of malnourishment. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The results of the nutritional screening tests carried out in 305 patients admitted to the Internal Medicine Department in the period of November of 2012-October of 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The prevalence of hospital malnourishment was analyzed, as well as the association of a positive screening test (at least one positive item) with the following variables: BMI, age, gender, underlying disease, hospital staying, early re-admittance (< 1 month) and hospital mortality. RESULTS: The test yielded a positive result in 23% of the patients. Patients with a positive screening test had lower BMI (24.9 ± 7.2 vs. 27.8 ± 6.4 kg/m; p = 0.002). Neoplastic and infectious pathologies were associated with greater positivity (35.3 and 28.9%, respectively; p = 0.006). Gender and age were not associated with a positive screening test. Patients with a positive screening test had longer mean hospital staying (26.7 ± 25 vs. 19.4 ± 16.5; p = 0.005), higher early re-admittance rates (18.6 vs. 6.8%; p = 0.003) and higher mortality (30 vs. 10.3%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The CIPA screening test can detect malnourished patients and predict worse clinical prognosis (mortality, mean hospital staying and early readmittance).

Introducción: La desnutrición en el paciente hospitalizado es muy prevalente, por lo que es importante incorporar métodos de depistaje. Se ha desarrollado en nuestro centro un método mixto de cribado nutricional (CIPA), que incluye cuatro parámetros: a) control de ingestas 72 h; b) IMC; c) proteínas; y d) albúmina. Objetivos: 1) conocer la prevalencia de desnutrición en pacientes hospitalizados en el servicio de Medicina Interna de nuestro centro; 2) analizar variables asociadas a mayor prevalencia de desnutrición; 3) evaluar su efecto pronóstico clínico. Material y métodos: Se revisaron retrospectivamente los resultados de los test de cribado nutricional efectuados a 305 pacientes ingresados en el servicio de Medicina Interna en el periodo noviembre/2012-octubre/2013. Se analizó la prevalencia de desnutrición hospitalaria y la asociación del resultado positivo en el cribado (al menos un ítem positivo) con las siguientes variables: IMC, edad, sexo, patología subyacente, estancia, reingreso precoz (< de 1 mes) y mortalidad. Resultados: El test fue positivo en un 23% de los pacientes. Los pacientes con cribado positivo presentaban un IMC inferior (24,9 ± 7,2 vs 27,8 ± 6,4 kg/m; p = 0,002). La patología neoplásica e infecciosa se asociaron a mayor positividad (35,3 y 28,9%, respectivamente; p=0,006). El sexo y la edad no se asociaron con el resultado del test de cribado. Los pacientes con cribado positivo presentaban mayor estancia media (26,7 ± 25 vs 19,4 ± 16,5; p = 0,005), tasa de reingresos precoces (18,6 vs 6,8%; p = 0,003) y mortalidad (30 vs 10,3%; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: El test de cribado CIPA es capaz de detectar al paciente malnutrido y predecirle un peor pronóstico clínico (mortalidad, estancia media y reingreso precoz).

Introducción de un método mixto de cribado nutricional (CIPA) en un hospital de tercer nivel / Introducing a mixed nutritional screening tool (CIPA) in a tertiary hospital

Introducción: La desnutrición en el paciente hospitalizado es muy prevalente, por lo que es importante incorporar métodos de depistaje. Se ha desarrollado en nuestro centro un método mixto de cribado nutricional (CIPA), que incluye cuatro parámetros: a) control de ingestas 72 h; b) IMC; c) proteínas; y d) albúmina. Objetivos: 1) conocer la prevalencia de desnutrición en pacientes hospitalizados en el servicio de Medicina Interna de nuestro centro; 2) analizar variables asociadas a mayor prevalencia de desnutrición; 3) evaluar su efecto pronóstico clínico. Material y métodos: Se revisaron retrospectivamente los resultados de los test de cribado nutricional efectuados a 305 pacientes ingresados en el servicio de Medicina Interna en el periodo noviembre/2012-octubre/2013. Se analizó la prevalencia de desnutrición hospitalaria y la asociación del resultado positivo en el cribado (al menos un ítem positivo) con las siguientes variables: IMC, edad, sexo, patología subyacente, estancia, reingreso precoz (< de 1 mes) y mortalidad. Resultados: El test fue positivo en un 23% de los pacientes. Los pacientes con cribado positivo presentaban un IMC inferior (24,9 ± 7,2 vs 27,8 ± 6,4 kg/m; p = 0,002). La patología neoplásica e infecciosa se asociaron a mayor positividad (35,3 y 28,9%, respectivamente; p=0,006). El sexo y la edad no se asociaron con el resultado del test de cribado. Los pacientes con cribado positivo presentaban mayor estancia media (26,7 ± 25 vs 19,4 ± 16,5; p = 0,005), tasa de reingresos precoces (18,6 vs 6,8%; p = 0,003) y mortalidad (30 vs 10,3%; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: El test de cribado CIPA es capaz de detectar al paciente malnutrido y predecirle un peor pronóstico clínico (mortalidad, estancia media y reingreso precoz) (AU)

Introduction: Malnourishment in hospitalized patients is very prevalent and therefore it is important to implement screening methods. A mixed nutritional screening method (CIPA) has been developed at our center; this method includes four parameters: a) control of intakes for 72 h; b) BMI; c) proteins; and d) albumin. Objectives: 1) To know the prevalence of malnourishment at the Internal Medicine Department of our Center; 2) To analyze the variables associated to higher prevalence of malnourishment. Materials and method: The results of the nutritional screening tests carried out in 305 patients admitted to the Internal Medicine Department in the period of November of 2012-October of 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The prevalence of hospital malnourishment was analyzed, as well as the association of a positive screening test (at least one positive item) with the following variables: BMI, age, gender, underlying disease, hospital staying, early re-admittance (< 1 month) and hospital mortality. Results: The test yielded a positive result in 23% of the patients. Patients with a positive screening test had lower BMI (24.9 ± 7.2 vs. 27.8 ± 6.4 kg/m; p = 0.002). Neoplastic and infectious pathologies were associated with greater positivity (35.3 and 28.9%, respectively; p = 0.006). Gender and age were not associated with a positive screening test. Patients with a positive screening test had longer mean hospital staying (26.7 ± 25 vs. 19.4 ± 16.5; p = 0.005), higher early re-admittance rates (18.6 vs. 6.8%; p = 0.003) and higher mortality (30 vs. 10.3%; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The CIPA screening test can detect malnourished patients and predict worse clinical prognosis (mortality, mean hospital staying and early readmittance) (AU)