Photopolymer Holographic Lenses for Solar Energy Applications: A Review.

Holographic lenses (HLs) are part of holographic optical elements (HOE), and are being applied to concentrate solar energy on a focal point or focal line. In this way, the concentrated energy can be converted into electrical or thermal energy by means of a photovoltaic cell or a thermal absorber tube. HLs are able to passively track the apparent motion of the sun with a high acceptance angle, allowing tracking motors to be replaced, thus reducing the cost of support structures. This article focuses on a review of the materials used in the recording of a holographic lens (HL) or multiple HLs in photovoltaic and/or concentrating solar collectors. This review shows that the use of photopolymers for the recording of HLs enables high-performance efficiency in physical systems designed for energy transformation, and presents some important elements to be taken into account for future designs, especially those related to the characteristics of the HL recording materials. Finally, the article outlines future recommendations, emphasizing potential research opportunities and challenges for researchers entering the field of HL-based concentrating solar photovoltaic and/or concentrating solar thermal collectors.

Holographic Lens Resolution Using the Convolution Theorem.

The similarity between object and image of negative asymmetrical holographic lenses (HLs) stored in a low-toxicity photopolymer has been evaluated theoretically and experimentally. Asymmetrical experimental setups with negative focal lengths have been used to obtain HLs. For this purpose, the resolution of the HLs was calculated using the convolution theorem. A USAF 1951 test was used as an object and the impulse responses of the HLs, which in this case was the amplitude spread function (ASF), were obtained with two different methods: using a CCD sensor and a Hartmann Shack (HS) wavefront sensor. For a negative asymmetrically recorded HL a maximum resolution of 11.31 lp/mm was obtained. It was evaluated at 473 nm wavelength. A theoretical study of object-image similarity had carried out using the MSE (mean squared error) metric to evaluate the experimental results obtained quantitatively.

Green and wide acceptance angle solar concentrators.

A low-toxicity photopolymer was employed to prepare holographic solar concentrators (HSCs). The main aim of this study is to obtain a versatile holographic element to concentrate the sunlight from different relative positions of the Sun during the day, avoiding the need of expensive tracking systems. Multiplexed holographic elements that combine symmetric and asymmetric holographic lenses of low frequency (545 l/mm) have been recorded in the same plate to concentrate the sunlight from sunrise to sunset. The holographic behavior of HSCs has been studied by measuring the angular diffraction efficiency at 633 nm (close to the maximum response of silicon cells). The efficiency of the complete system "HSC-solar cell" has been evaluated by measuring the short-circuit current (Isc) under solar illumination at different incident angles. This study overcomes the trade-off between good efficiency and high incident acceptance angle, showing an important breakthrough to obtain wide acceptance angle systems.

Aberration-Based Quality Metrics in Holographic Lenses.

Aberrations and the image quality of holographic lenses were evaluated by a Hartmann-Shack (HS) wavefront sensor. Two lenses, one recorded with a symmetrical configuration and the other with an asymmetrical one, were stored in a photopolymer called Biophotopol. Each was reconstructed with two different wavelengths, 473 nm and 633 nm. Different metrics were applied to determine and quantify the aberration of the lenses (Zernike coefficients, Seidel coefficients, Marechal tolerances, root-mean-square (RMS), peak to valley, critical fraction of the pupil), and the quality of the image they provided (Strehl ratio, entropy, cutoff frequency, modulation transfer function (MTF), and area under the MTF). Good agreement between the metrics related to optical quality was obtained. The negative asymmetric holographic lenses had less aberration than the positive symmetric ones.

Holographic Lenses in an Environment-Friendly Photopolymer.

In this paper, we theoretically and experimentally evaluated the quality of volume phase transmission lenses stored in an environmentally friendly photopolymer. Holographic lenses (HLs) were obtained using symmetrical and asymmetrical experimental setups with the same positive and negative focal length and pupil diameter. The image quality was evaluated from the calculation of the modulation transfer function (MTF) by capturing the point spread function (PSF) with a charge-coupled device (CCD). A maximum frequency of 14 L/mm, reaching an MTF value of 0.1, was obtained for a negative asymmetrically recorded HL, evaluated at 473 nm wavelength. A theoretical study of aberrations was carried out to qualitatively evaluate the experimental results obtained.

Manejo de la amiloidosis traqueobronquial mediante técnicas broncoscópicas terapéuticas / Management of Tracheobronchial Amyloidosis With Therapeutic Bronchoscopic Techniques

La amiloidosis es una enfermedad sistémica producida por el depósito anómalo de material amiloide; tiene la peculiaridad de detectarse con la tinción rojo Congo y es de difícil diagnóstico. La afectación del árbol traqueobronquial es muy poco frecuente y constituye un reto para el neumólogo debido al amplio diagnóstico diferencial de esta enfermedad. Se presentan 2 casos en los que se ha objetivado la afectación traqueobronquial: en uno de ellos como enfermedad primaria y en otro como afectación secundaria. El uso de técnicas broncoscópicas es primordial para el diagnóstico de la afectación traqueobronquial. En ausencia de un tratamiento médico eficaz, el manejo local de esta enfermedad con técnicas endoscópicas de repermeabilización bronquial consigue una mejoría clínica y amplía las opciones terapéuticas y pronósticas en esta enfermedad (AU)

Amyloidosis is a systemic disease caused by abnormal deposition of amyloid material that is detected with Congo red staining and is difficult to diagnose. Involvement of the tracheobronchial tree is rare and is a challenge for pulmonologists because of the wide differential diagnosis of this disease. We present two cases where tracheobronchial affectation has been observed: in one of them as a primary disease, and in another as secondary affectation. The use of bronchoscopic techniques is essential for the diagnosis of tracheobronchial involvement. In the absence of an effective drug therapy, local management of this disease with endoscopic techniques for bronchial repermeabilization is able to provide clinical improvement and expand the treatment options and prognosis in this disease (AU)

Management of tracheobronchial amyloidosis with therapeutic bronchoscopic techniques.

Amyloidosis is a systemic disease caused by abnormal deposition of amyloid material that is detected with Congo red staining and is difficult to diagnose. Involvement of the tracheobronchial tree is rare and is a challenge for pulmonologists because of the wide differential diagnosis of this disease. We present two cases where tracheobronchial affectation has been observed: in one of them as a primary disease, and in another as secondary affectation. The use of bronchoscopic techniques is essential for the diagnosis of tracheobronchial involvement. In the absence of an effective drug therapy, local management of this disease with endoscopic techniques for bronchial repermeabilization is able to provide clinical improvement and expand the treatment options and prognosis in this disease.