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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To study the effects of virtual reality (VR) on pain perception among a paediatric population while being vaccinated. We will also investigate the effects of VR on the fear experienced by children during the vaccination procedure, as well as parental satisfaction levels. BACKGROUND: Many studies, for example, in the fields of oncology, dermatology or plastic surgery, have described the benefits of using VR to reduce the perception of pain among paediatric populations. These results are encouraging, but their main limitations were the small sample sizes they included or their methodological design. DESIGN: This will be a randomised clinical trial. METHODS: SPIRIT guidelines were followed to report this protocol, and we will use the CONSORT and CONSORT-EHEALTH guidelines to report the randomised clinical trial. The sample will comprise 148 children aged 3-14 years who will come for vaccination at the Tres Forques Health Center. The participants will be randomly allocated into intervention group (VR; n = 74) or (the control group standard-of-care; n = 74) at a 1:1 ratio. The intervention group will view experiences with a VR headset as a distraction measure. The study variables will be the level of pain and fear perceived by the child during vaccination, parental satisfaction with the vaccination procedure, and sociodemographic and vaccination variables. RESULTS: The start of the study is planned for September 2020, and the results will be expected in September 2021. CONCLUSIONS: This study aims to identify what measures reduce pain and fear in children during vaccination, which in turn, can help to improve the degree of parental satisfaction with these procedures. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Vaccination is an independent function of the nursing profession. Identifying which distraction measures reduce the perception of pain and fear in the paediatric population will not only improve children's experiences but will also improve the satisfaction of both parents and children, thus increasing the degree of compliance with the vaccination schedule.
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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of immersive virtual reality (VR) on perceived pain and fear in children during vaccination and parental satisfaction with the procedure. BACKGROUND: Virtual reality can reduce the perception of pain by children but only three studies have analysed its use during vaccination to date; these had small sample sizes and imperfect methodological designs. DESIGN: A randomised controlled clinical trial. METHODS: One hundred and sixty participants from the Tres Forques Health Center were randomly assigned to the intervention group (IG) (n = 82) in which distraction with immersive VR was used during the vaccination, while standard distraction techniques were used for the control group (n = 80). The primary outcome was pain (Wong-Baker FACES). Secondary outcomes included (Children's Fear Scale) and parental satisfaction with the vaccination procedure. Chi-squared tests were used for qualitative variables, relationships between quantitative variables were tested with Spearman correlations, and Mann-Whitney U- or Student t-tests were employed to assess the relationship between quantitative and qualitative variables. RESULTS: Compared to the controls, the children in the IG reported significantly less pain and fear, while parental satisfaction was significantly higher. Reported pain and fear did not differ according to the sex of the patient. Child age was not linked to fear but was related to pain: the younger the patient, the greater the pain they described. CONCLUSIONS: Immersive VR effectively controlled pain and fear in children during vaccination and increased parent satisfaction with the vaccination process. Patient sex did not influence the level of pain and fear but age did. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Improving vaccination experiences can reduce perceived pain and fear in children and increase parent satisfaction, thereby enhancing vaccination schedule adherence and improving group immunity. REPORTING METHOD: The CONSORT Statement for non-pharmacological randomised clinical trials were followed.
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PURPOSE: Many patients with acute coronary syndrome experience problematic or altered sexual function. This aspect of the disease is frequently ignored or overlooked by the healthcare community even though it can strongly influence health-related patient quality of life (HRQoL). Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of a specific cardiac rehabilitation programme focused on aerobic and neuromuscular strength-resistance training to those of a classic rehabilitation programme, both in terms of HRQoL and erectile dysfunction in patients with acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: This study reports both secondary and unregistered outcomes from a double-blinded, randomised, and controlled clinical trial. The proposed intervention was based on the completion of a 20-session (10-week) cardiac rehabilitation programme for patients with cardiovascular disease. The patient cohort had been diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome and was recruited at the Cardiology Service of a private tertiary hospital. The outcomes assessed in this study were HRQoL and erectile disfunction assessed at baseline, after the intervention, and at a 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 30 participants were randomly allocated to each study arm. The results of the two-way mixed ANOVAs showed significant group × time interactions for all the outcome measures (EQ-5D_index, p = 0.004; EQ-5D_VAS, p = 0.017; QLMI-Q, p ≤ 0.001; and IIEF-5, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The neuromuscular strength training programme was more effective than the classic strength training programme in terms of increasing the HRQoL and improving erectile dysfunction in patients following acute coronary syndrome, with differences still remaining between these groups at the 6-month follow-up.
Subject(s)
Acute Coronary Syndrome , Cardiac Rehabilitation , Erectile Dysfunction , Resistance Training , Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological , Male , Humans , Quality of Life/psychology , Resistance Training/methodsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Virtual reality (VR) is used as a distraction measure during painful clinical procedures associated with the use of needles. These procedures include vaccinations, blood draws, or the administration of medications, which can cause children to feel increased levels of pain and fear. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to collect and analyze the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of VR as a tool to distract children from pain and fear during needle procedures as compared to that of standard techniques. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. We included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs with participants younger than 21 years who underwent needle procedures in which the main distraction measure used was VR and where the main outcome measure was pain. The databases searched included the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane libraries. In this systematic review, the studies were analyzed by applying the Critical Appraisal Skills Program guide in Spanish and the Jadad scale. In the meta-analysis, the effect size of the studies was analyzed based on the results for pain and fear in children. RESULTS: From 665 unique search results, 21 studies were included in this systematic review, most of which reported low methodological quality. The study sample cohorts ranged from a minimum of 15 participants to a maximum of 220 participants. Ten studies were included in the meta-analysis. The global effect of using VR as a distraction measure was a significant reduction in pain (inverse variance [IV] -2.37, 95% CI -3.20 to -1.54; Z=5.58; P<.001) and fear (IV -1.26, 95% CI -1.89 to -0.63; Z=3.92; P<.001) in children in the experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of the studies was mostly low. The main limitations were the impossibility of blinding the participants and health care personnel to the VR intervention. Nonetheless, the use of VR as a distraction measure was effective in reducing pain and fear in children during procedures involving needles.
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Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effect on the satisfaction of nursing students and the participants of Service-Learning methodology in the development of Health Education workshops. Materials and methods: Service-Learning project was designed in four stages: 1) students training in knowledge about Community Nursing and Health Education; 2) development of healthy workshops for its implementation in associations; 3) implementation of the workshops; 4) reflection on Service-Learning impact. An ad hoc questionnaire was developed to assess students' satisfaction. It was also evaluated the workshops' participant's satisfaction. Results: students reported having a very high level of satisfaction by increasing their scores after improving Service-Learning methodology in the subject. In addition, participants who received health promotion workshops developed by nursing students reported a positive impact on their health. Conclusion: development of Service-Learning methodology associated with health education implies high level of satisfaction in nursing students and a social impact for the community.
Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la satisfacción de los estudiantes de enfermería y los participantes, con la metodología Aprendizaje Servicio en el desarrollo de talleres de Educación para la Salud. Materiales y Método: El proyecto de Aprendizaje-Servicio se diseñó en cuatro etapas: 1) Formación de estudiantes en conocimientos sobre Enfermería Comunitaria y Educación para la Salud; 2) Desarrollo de talleres saludables para su implementación en asociaciones; 3) Implementación de los talleres; 4) Reflexión sobre el impacto del Aprendizaje-Servicio. Se desarrolló un cuestionario ad hoc para evaluar la satisfacción de los estudiantes. También se evaluó la satisfacción de los participantes de los talleres. Resultados: Los estudiantes informaron tener un nivel de satisfacción muy alto, al aumentar sus puntajes luego de mejorar la metodología de Aprendizaje-Servicio en la asignatura. Además, los participantes que recibieron talleres de promoción de la salud, desarrollados por estudiantes de enfermería, reportaron un impacto positivo en su salud. Conclusión: El desarrollo de la metodología de Aprendizaje-Servicio asociado a la educación en salud, implica un alto nivel de satisfacción en los estudiantes de enfermería y un impacto social para la comunidad.
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The present study aimed to investigate the perceived changes in lifestyle behaviors among Spanish university students during COVID-19-related confinement. An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional survey study was conducted during April 2020. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data were then obtained. The FANTASTIC questionnaire was used to assess the lifestyles of the 488 participants who took part in the study. Of the participants, 76.3% were female. Overall, the lifestyles of university students significantly deteriorated during the period of confinement caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. University female students were especially affected compared to their male fellows (p = 0.010). For women, social and family relationships (p < 0.001), personality (p < 0.001), interior (p < 0.001), and career (p < 0.001) were the aspects that worsened during confinement. For men, lack of physical exercise (p < 0.001), social and family relationships (p < 0.001), and career (p = 0.002) were affected to a greater extent. In both cases, confinement was a protective factor against the consumption of tobacco, toxins (p < 0.001), and alcohol (p < 0.001). Gender (p = 0.008) and obesity (p = 0.044) were the two factors that most affected the change in the score of the FANTASTIC questionnaire. Spanish university students' lifestyles worsened during the lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, especially those of women, who were the most affected. Some aspects, such as those related to social and emotional behaviors, were deeply affected, while confinement could be a protective factor against previous toxic habits.
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OBJETIVO: analizar la relación entre las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas en pacientes con deterioro cognitivo en función del lugar de residencia (domicilio familiar frente a instituciones), comparándola con la autopercepción del estado de salud de ambos grupos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio comparativo observacional transversal. La muestra estuvo formada por 71 sujetos, de los cuales 44 recibían cuidado informal en su domicilio y asistían a un centro de día (Valencia, España), y 27 que residían en un centro sociosanitario (Teruel, Valencia), ambos situados en zona rural. Los participantes fueron evaluados mediante el índice de comorbilidad de Charlson, Mini-Mental Test de Folstein (MMSE), test de fluidez verbal, autopercepción del estado de salud mediante escala visual analógica del Euro-Qol y variables sociodemográficas que incluyeron: sexo, edad, nivel de estudios, estado civil y número de hijos. RESULTADOS: los principales resultados apuntan a que pese a que los pacientes que residen en sus hogares tienen un peor estado cognitivo en relación con el MMSE (diferencia de 3,09 puntos; p = 0,003) y la fluidez verbal (diferencia de 3,05 puntos 5,32; p = 0,000), su autopercepción del estado de salud es superior frente a aquellos que viven en un centro sociosanitario (diferencia de 21,22 puntos; p = 0,000). CONCLUSIONES: los sujetos que residen en el domicilio presentan una autopercepción de su estado de salud mejor que aquellos que residen en el centro sociosanitario, pese a que su estado cognitivo muestra peores resultados. Este aspecto contribuye a la mejora de la utilización de los recursos necesarios hacia los ámbitos donde los cuidados sean más eficaces
OBJECTIVE: analyze the relationship between sociodemographic and clinical variables in patients with cognitive impairment regarding to the place of residence (family home versus institutions), compare their self-perception of health status. MATERIAL AND METHOD: observational comparative study. The sample was formed by 71 participants; 44 of them were living in their homes and attended to a day center and 27 of them resided in a Social Health Center. Participants were evaluated using the Charlson comorbidity index, Folstein Mini Mental Test (MMSE), verbal fluency test, self-perception of health status using Euro-Qol visual analogue scale and sociodemographic variables included: sex, age, level of studies, marital status and number of children. RESULTS: the main results suggest that patients residing in their homes have a worse cognitive state compared to those who lived in Social Health Centers in relation to the MMSE (difference of 3,09 points, p = 0,003) and verbal fluency (difference of 3,05 points 5,32, p = 0,000). However, their self-perception of health status was higher (difference of 21,22 points, p = 0,000). CONCLUSIONS: patients with cognitive dysfunction who reside in their homes have a better self-perception of their health status compared to those who reside in the Social Health Center. This aspect is of relevance to the improvement of the development of cost-effective strategies that encourage the health of patients with cognitive diseases
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Health Status , Quality of Life/psychology , Cognitive Dysfunction/psychology , Residence Characteristics/classification , Personal Autonomy , Self Concept , Self Report , Sickness Impact Profile , Homes for the Aged/statistics & numerical data , Health of Institutionalized Elderly , Mental Status and Dementia Tests/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
The aim of the present clinical trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of neuromuscular versus classical strength-resistance training as part of a cardiac rehabilitation programme in patients following acute coronary syndrome. The study is designed as a double-blinded, randomised, and controlled clinical trial. Thirty participants suffering from acute coronary syndrome who meet our inclusion criteria will be recruited by a private tertiary hospital. The intervention group will follow 20 sessions of a cardiac rehabilitation programme divided into two parts: aerobic training and neuromuscular strength-resistance training. The control group will complete the same aerobic training as well as a classical strength-resistance training workout programme. The primary outcome of the study will be the mean difference in change from baseline in the Incremental Shuttle Walking Test. The secondary outcomes will be the cardiorespiratory fitness of the patients (assessed by means of the Chester Step Test), lower-limb performance (assessed with the 30-Second Chair Stand Test and Single-Leg Squat Test), lower-limb strength (hip flexor handheld dynamometry), sexual dysfunction assessment (Sex Health Inventory for Men) and quality of life (EQ-5D-5L). This work will provide evidence for the effectiveness of a neuromuscular versus a classic strength-training programme in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness, lower-limb performance capacities and quality of life, in cardiac patients. The data obtained could lead to more effective and functional workouts which, in turn, may enhance the speed at which these patients can return to their everyday activities of life and improve the efficiency of their movement patterns and heart responses. Furthermore, patients may find neuromuscular workout routines more motivating and engaging, thus encouraging them to adopt healthier lifestyle patterns.
Subject(s)
Acute Coronary Syndrome/rehabilitation , Muscle Strength/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Resistance Training , Acute Coronary Syndrome/physiopathology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Exercise Test , Female , Humans , Lower Extremity/physiology , Male , Middle Aged , Physical Fitness/physiology , Quality of Life , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultABSTRACT
Objetivo: conocer el grado de satisfacción del alumnado de Enfermería y las dificultades encontradas con la metodología de aprendizaje-servicio en el desarrollo de la competencia de promoción de la salud, dentro de la asignatura de Salud Pública y Enfermería Comunitaria I. Método: el proyecto de aprendizaje-servicio fue llevado a cabo en tres fases: 1) formación del alumnado en conocimientos acerca de la Enfermería Comunitaria y Educación para la Salud; 2) contacto con las asociaciones cercanas a la universidad, y diseño de los talleres de salud y materiales que iban a ofrecer a las asociaciones (en grupos de 10 estudiantes); 3) implementación de los talleres por parte de alumnado. Se diseñó un cuestionario ad hoc para medir la satisfacción con el proyecto de aprendizaje-servicio. Para el análisis bivariante de la satisfacción con el sexo y la edad se utilizó la prueba de U de Mann-Whitney y el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: el alumnado tuvo un nivel de satisfacción muy alto (media: 8,07), con independencia del sexo y la edad. Se encontraron dificultades a la hora de poner en marcha esta metodología como la incompatibilidad de horarios entre el alumnado y las asociaciones, o la escasa asistencia de personas a las sesiones. Conclusiones: el desarrollo de actividades de aprendizaje-servicio para que el alumnado de Enfermería adquiera competencias en la promoción para la salud es una metodología con alto grado de satisfacción. No obstante, fueron encontradas barreras en su implementación como la dificultad en el cronograma entre alumnado y asociaciones
Objective: to understand the level of satisfaction among Nursing students and the difficulties found regarding the Service-Learning methodology in the development of Health Promotion skills, within the subject Public Health and Community Nursing I. Method: the Service-Learning Project was conducted in three stages: 1) training students in knowledge about Community Nursing and Health Education; 2) contact with those associations near the university, and design of Health Workshops and materials that would be offered to the associations (in 10-student groups); 3) implementation of workshops by the students. An ad hoc questionnaire was designed in order to measure the satisfaction with the Service-Learning project. The Mann-Whitney U Test and the Spearman Correlation Coefficient were used for the bivariate analysis of satisfaction with gender and age. Results: students had a very high satisfaction level (mean: 8.07), regardless of gender and age. Difficulties were found at the time of implementing this methodology, such as the incompatibility of schedules between students and the association, or the low attendance of people to the sessions. Conclusions: the development of Service-Learning activities for the Nursing students to acquire skills in Health Promotion is a methodology with a high level of satisfaction. However, barriers were found in its implementation, such as difficulties with the timetables of the students and the associations
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Adult , Students, Nursing/statistics & numerical data , Education, Nursing/trends , Health Promotion/methods , Learning , Personal Satisfaction , Community Health Nursing/education , Nursing Process , Nursing Service, Hospital , Nursing Services , Surveys and Questionnaires , Healthy LifestyleABSTRACT
Objetivo: establecer y analizar una posible relación entre el estado nutricional, el patrón de sueño y la calidad de vida en una muestra de pacientes con disfunción cognitiva. Participantes y método: estudio observacional y descriptivo de un grupo de casos con una muestra constituida por 48 personas mayores (65 años o más) que aceptaron participar en el estudio y vivían en Valencia (España). EuroQol (EQ-5D), Cuestionario de Oviedo del sueño (COS), Mini Mental State de Folsteisn (MMSE) y Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) se utilizaron para evaluar el caso de cada individuo. La asociación de variables se evaluó mediante la correlación entre las tres variables. Finalmente, para verificar el papel y la capacidad predictiva de dos variables juntas, se calculó un modelo de regresión con el estado nutricional como variable dependiente, el patrón de sueño como variable independiente y la CVRS como una variable mediadora o supresora (los valores de p < 0,05 se consideraron significativos). Resultados: el perfil de los sujetos fue el de una mujer viuda de 81,5 ± 7,6 años, con educación primaria, diagnosticada con enfermedad de Alzheimer como demencia principal en el 16,7% de los casos. La puntuación del estado nutricional (MNA) fue de 29,95 ± 5,74, para el sueño/descanso se obtuvo una puntuación de 17,53 ± 11,13 y para la EVA del Euro-Qol, 73,70 ± 26,95. Se obtuvieron correlaciones de Pearson estadísticamente significativas entre las distintas variables (p < 0,01). Se aplicó el análisis de regresión lineal, con el estado nutricional como variable dependiente, en relación con la COS y la EVA del Euro-Qol como predictores (variables independientes): MNA p < 0,000, COS p < 0,014 y EVA p < 0,006. Conclusión: la puntuación COS y la puntuación EVA del cuestionario EQ-5D se pueden considerar como variables independientes para establecer un modelo predictivo para la puntuación MNA (nomograma)
Aim: to establish and to analyze a possible relationship between nutritional status, sleep pattern and quality of life in a sample of patients with cognitive dysfunction. Participants and method: an observational, descriptive study of a group of cases with a sample constituted of 48 elderly individuals (aged 65 or over) who agreed to participate in the study and lived in Valencia (Spain). EuroQol (EQ-5D), Oviedo Sleep Questionnaire (OSQ), Mini Mental State de Folsteisn (MMSE) and Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) were used in evaluating each individuals case. The association of variables was assessed by correlation between all three variables. Finally, to check the role and predictive capacity of two variables together, a regression model with nutritional status as the dependent variable, sleep pattern as an independent variable and HRQOL as a mediating or suppressing variable was calculated (values of p < 0.05 were considered significant). Results: the average profile of the subjects was that of an 81.5 ± 7.6 year-old widowed woman, with primary education, with 2.40 ± 1.09 children and diagnosed with Alzheimers disease as principal dementia in 16.7% of the cases. The score of nutritional status (MNA) was 29.95 ± 5.74, for sleep/rest a score of 17.53 ± 11.13 was obtained and for the VAS of the Euro-Qol, 73.70 ± 26.95. Statistically significant Pearson correlations were obtained between the different variables (p < 0.01). Linear regression analysis was applied, with the nutritional status as dependent variable, in relation to the OSQ and the VAS of the Euro-Qol as predictors (independent variables): MNA p < 0.000, OSQ p < 0.014 and VAS p < 0.006. Conclusion: the OSQ score and the VAS score of EQ-5D questionnaire can be considered as independent variables to establish a predictive model for the MNA score (nomogram)
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cognitive Dysfunction/psychology , Nutrition Assessment , Quality of Life , Sleep , Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Geriatric Assessment , Independent Living , Mental Status and Dementia TestsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Aim: to establish and to analyze a possible relationship between nutritional status, sleep pattern and quality of life in a sample of patients with cognitive dysfunction. Participants and method: an observational, descriptive study of a group of cases with a sample constituted of 48 elderly individuals (aged 65 or over) who agreed to participate in the study and lived in Valencia (Spain). EuroQol (EQ-5D), Oviedo Sleep Questionnaire (OSQ), Mini Mental State de Folsteisn (MMSE) and Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) were used in evaluating each individual's case. The association of variables was assessed by correlation between all three variables. Finally, to check the role and predictive capacity of two variables together, a regression model with nutritional status as the dependent variable, sleep pattern as an independent variable and HRQOL as a mediating or suppressing variable was calculated (values of p < 0.05 were considered significant). Results: the average profile of the subjects was that of an 81.5 ± 7.6 year-old widowed woman, with primary education, with 2.40 ± 1.09 children and diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease as principal dementia in 16.7% of the cases. The score of nutritional status (MNA) was 29.95 ± 5.74, for sleep/rest a score of 17.53 ± 11.13 was obtained and for the VAS of the Euro-Qol, 73.70 ± 26.95. Statistically significant Pearson correlations were obtained between the different variables (p < 0.01). Linear regression analysis was applied, with the nutritional status as dependent variable, in relation to the OSQ and the VAS of the Euro-Qol as predictors (independent variables): MNA p < 0.000, OSQ p < 0.014 and VAS p < 0.006. Conclusion: the OSQ score and the VAS score of EQ-5D questionnaire can be considered as independent variables to establish a predictive model for the MNA score (nomogram).
INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivo: establecer y analizar una posible relación entre el estado nutricional, el patrón de sueño y la calidad de vida en una muestra de pacientes con disfunción cognitiva. Participantes y método: estudio observacional y descriptivo de un grupo de casos con una muestra constituida por 48 personas mayores (65 años o más) que aceptaron participar en el estudio y vivían en Valencia (España). EuroQol (EQ-5D), Cuestionario de Oviedo del sueño (COS), Mini Mental State de Folsteisn (MMSE) y Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) se utilizaron para evaluar el caso de cada individuo. La asociación de variables se evaluó mediante la correlación entre las tres variables. Finalmente, para verificar el papel y la capacidad predictiva de dos variables juntas, se calculó un modelo de regresión con el estado nutricional como variable dependiente, el patrón de sueño como variable independiente y la CVRS como una variable mediadora o supresora (los valores de p < 0,05 se consideraron significativos). Resultados: el perfil de los sujetos fue el de una mujer viuda de 81,5 ± 7,6 años, con educación primaria, diagnosticada con enfermedad de Alzheimer como demencia principal en el 16,7% de los casos. La puntuación del estado nutricional (MNA) fue de 29,95 ± 5,74, para el sueño/descanso se obtuvo una puntuación de 17,53 ± 11,13 y para la EVA del Euro-Qol, 73,70 ± 26,95. Se obtuvieron correlaciones de Pearson estadísticamente significativas entre las distintas variables (p < 0,01). Se aplicó el análisis de regresión lineal, con el estado nutricional como variable dependiente, en relación con la COS y la EVA del Euro-Qol como predictores (variables independientes): MNA p < 0,000, COS p < 0,014 y EVA p < 0,006. Conclusión: la puntuación COS y la puntuación EVA del cuestionario EQ-5D se pueden considerar como variables independientes para establecer un modelo predictivo para la puntuación MNA (nomograma).