How mangrove plants affect microplastic distribution in sediments of coastal wetlands: Case study in Shenzhen Bay, South China.

Microplastic pollution is common in marine and coastal ecosystems, especially in mangrove wetlands. However, factors affecting the distribution of microplastics, such as plants, have not been sufficiently studied. We investigated the effect of different plant species on the distribution of sediment microplastics in two Nature Reserves in South China, viz. Futian Mangrove and Mai Po Mangrove. In Futian Mangrove, the abundance of total microplastics among three monospecific mangrove stands dominated by Sonneratia caseolaris, Kandelia obovata, and Sonneratia apetala was similar. The abundance of microplastics in the mudflat was similar to that in the forest interior, except for the fact that more fiber was found in the mudflat than in the interior of Sonneratia apetala. This suggested that the dense pneumatophores at the fringe prevented fibers from entering the mangrove forest. The significant positive dependence (p < 0.05) between the density of Sonneratia pneumatophores and the abundance of fibers highlighted the importance of pneumatophores. The abundance of total microplastics, predominantly in the form of fibers, in sediments at the forest fringe (2835 ± 713 items/kg d.w. and 2070 ± 224 items/kg d.w. in Futian and Mai Po, respectively) was higher than that in the forest interior and mudflat. There was no difference between the two latter locations in both mangroves, which demonstrated the significance of the fringe effect. This paper reports for the first time that the spatial distribution of microplastics in mangrove sediments was affected by plant species, which provides useful information for environmental processes of microplastics in coastal wetlands.

Conformational and supramolecular properties of main chain and cyclic click oligotriazoles and polytriazoles.

This Feature Article gives a summary on the conformational and supramolecular properties of a special type of click molecules, namely, main chain and cyclic oligo- and polytriazoles. The triazole ring is an interesting structural motif since it is a hydrogen bond donor and acceptor, a large molecular dipole and also a metal ligand. It can interact with a wide variety of functionalities, e.g. hydrogen bonding partners (e.g. amides or anions), molecular dipoles, and metal ions to generate many fascinating conformational features such as pseudo rod-like, U-turn, helical, double helical structures, beta-strands and beta-sheets. Oligo- and polytriazoles can also exhibit interesting supramolecular attributes such as host-guest complexation, self assembly, chemosensing and gelating properties. It is believed that many new and unique conformational and supramolecular properties can be created by incorporating the correct type of functional group partners into the oligo- and polytriazole backbone. This type of research can also advance our understanding on functional properties of such triazole-rich compounds.

Structural effects on the catalytic, emulsifying, and recycling properties of chiral amphiphilic dendritic organocatalysts.

Three series of chiral amphiphilic G1-G3 dendritic organocatalysts containing an optically active polar proline-derived core and one or two nonpolar hydrocarbon dendrons were prepared. These dendritic organocatalysts were employed in the asymmetric aldol and nitro-Michael additions in oil-in-water emulsions to reveal the effects of dendron size and branching on the catalytic properties. The incorporation of larger hydrophobic dendrons has the advantages of promoting emulsion formation in water, improving the reaction enantioselectivity, decreasing catalyst loading (to 1 mol %), and facilitating catalyst recovery after the reactions. In general, the larger dendrons tended to lower catalyst reactivity due to their increasing steric blocking effect. However, some astonishing observations were found in some of the G1 and G2 dendritic organocatalysts, wherein an increase in the steric bulkiness and branching of the dendron resulted in better catalyst reactivity. It was also found that higher product yields and enantioselectivities were obtained in the aldol reactions when the aromatic aldehyde contains an electron-withdrawing substituent. The catalysts could be recycled and reused five times without significant drop in product yields and enantioselectivities. In addition, cross product contamination was not found when the recovered G3 catalyst was subsequently used in another reaction involving different substrates.

pH-controllable supramolecular systems.

This Focus Review surveys representative examples of pH-controllable supramolecular systems with interesting features and state-of-the-art applications such as 1) conformational changes within individual molecules; 2) folding/unfolding of polymers; 3) simultaneous binding of cations and anions; 4) logic function; 5) ON-OFF switchable colorimetric sensing; 6) translocation of macrocycle-in-rotaxane molecules; 7) large-scale movement within molecules; and 8) regulation of the substrate flow in nanocontainers. In particular, systems will be discussed that involve: pH-induced conformational changes of a resorcinarene cavitand and a bis(iron porphyrin) complex; pH control in assembly and disassembly of supramolecular systems stabilized with different major noncovalent interactions; pH-driven movements of interlocked molecules involving rotaxanes, molecular elevators, and molecular muscles; and, finally, multicomponent supramolecular systems immobilized on solid supports as pH-responsive nanovalves for the controlled release of specific substrates. Recent advances in the understanding of pH-controllable supramolecular systems have led to the construction of meaningful molecular machines for electronic and biological applications that are amenable to control by simple perturbation with acids and bases.

Reversible switching between hydrophilic and hydrophobic superparamagnetic iron oxide microspheres via one-step supramolecular dynamic dendronization: exploration of dynamic wettability.

We describe the use of hydrophobic poly(aryl ether) dendrons to peripherally functionalize hydrophilic amine-containing superparamagnetic iron oxide microspheres (SPIO-NH2) in one step via imine formation. The reversible formation of imine bonds in the absence/presence of water renders dynamic control of the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the microspheres (SPIO-Gn). The dynamic nature of the imine-containing dendronized microspheres (SPIO-Gn) can be "fixed" by locking the reversible 2,6-diiminopyridyl moieties with metal cations (Zn2+, Co2+, and Ni2+) to afford kinetically stable dendronized microspheres (SPIO-Gn-M). Isolation of these microspheres is facilitated by convenient magnetic separation by an externally applied magnetic field. Characterization of these novel organic-inorganic hybrid microspheres has been performed by various techniques using UV/visible absorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and a vibrating sample magnetometer. We have demonstrated the stability and reversible switching of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity by contact-angle measurements. In particular, the hydrophilic SPIO-NH2 microspheres demonstrated a contact angle of 42 +/- 2 degrees when a drop of water was added to a SPIO-NH2-coated mica surface. On the other hand, the hydrophobic SPIO-Gn-M dendronized microspheres demonstrated a contact angle of 85 +/- 2 degrees , an observation that involves an increase of the contact angle of over 40 degrees . Furthermore, when a drop of water was placed on a dynamic SPIO-Gn-coated mica surface, the contact angle of the water droplet decreased in time. Comparatively, the rate of decrease of the contact angle is H2O > 1% Co(OAc)2/H2O > N,N'-dimethylformamide/H2O (1:1).

Synthesis of new amphiphilic dendrons bearing aliphatic hydrocarbon surface sectors and a monocarboxylic or dicarboxylic acid focal point.

[structure: see text]. A new series of amphiphilic G1-G3 dendrons containing purely aliphatic hydrocarbon dendritic surface sectors and one or two carboxylic acid group(s) at the focal point was synthesized in good yields. The key branching steps involve diallylation reactions of diethyl malonate or Meldrum's acid. These dendrons are highly soluble in hexane despite having highly polar carboxylic acid groups at the focal point.