Cell-Electrode Models for Impedance Analysis of Epithelial and Endothelial Monolayers Cultured on Microelectrodes.

Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing has been used to measure transepithelial and transendothelial impedances of cultured cell layers and extract cell parameters such as junctional resistance, cell-substrate separation, and membrane capacitance. Previously, a three-path cell-electrode model comprising two transcellular pathways and one paracellular pathway was developed for the impedance analysis of MDCK cells. By ignoring the resistances of the lateral intercellular spaces, we develop a simplified three-path model for the impedance analysis of epithelial cells and solve the model equations in a closed form. The calculated impedance values obtained from this simplified cell-electrode model at frequencies ranging from 31.25 Hz to 100 kHz agree well with the experimental data obtained from MDCK and OVCA429 cells. We also describe how the change in each model-fitting parameter influences the electrical impedance spectra of MDCK cell layers. By assuming that the junctional resistance is much smaller than the specific impedance through the lateral cell membrane, the simplified three-path model reduces to a two-path model, which can be used for the impedance analysis of endothelial cells and other disk-shaped cells with low junctional resistances. The measured impedance spectra of HUVEC and HaCaT cell monolayers nearly coincide with the impedance data calculated from the two-path model.

SCUBE2 regulates adherens junction dynamics and vascular barrier function during inflammation.

AIMS: SCUBE2 (Signal peptide-CUB-epidermal growth factor-like domain-containing protein 2) is a secreted or membrane-bound protein originally identified from endothelial cells (ECs). Our previous work showed that SCUBE2 forms a complex with E-cadherin and stabilizes epithelial adherens junctions (AJs) to promote epithelial phenotypes. However, it remains unclear whether SCUBE2 also interacts with vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin and modulates EC barrier function. In this study, we investigated whether and how SCUBE2 in ECs regulates vascular barrier maintenance. METHODS AND RESULTS: We showed that SCUBE2 colocalized and interacted with VE-cadherin and VE-protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) within EC AJs. Furthermore, SCUBE2 knockdown disrupted EC AJs and increased EC permeability. Expression of EC SCUBE2 was suppressed at both mRNA and protein levels via the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines or permeability-inducing agents. In line with these findings, EC-specific deletion of Scube2 (EC-KO) in mice impaired baseline barrier function and worsened vascular leakiness of peripheral capillaries after local injection of histamine or vascular endothelial growth factor. EC-KO mice were also sensitive to pulmonary vascular hyperpermeability and leukocyte infiltration in response to acute endotoxin- or influenza virus-induced systemic inflammation. Meanwhile, EC-specific SCUBE2-overexpressing mice were protected from these effects. Molecular studies suggested that SCUBE2 acts as a scaffold molecule enabling VE-PTP to dephosphorylate VE-cadherin, which prevents VE-cadherin internalization and stabilizes EC AJs. As such, loss of SCUBE2 resulted in hyperphosphorylation of VE-cadherin at tyrosine 685, which led to its endocytosis, thus destabilizing EC AJs and reducing barrier function. All of these effects were exacerbated by inflammatory insults. CONCLUSIONS: We found that SCUBE2 contributes to vascular integrity by recruiting VE-PTP to dephosphorylate VE-cadherin and stabilize AJs, thereby promoting EC barrier function. Moreover, our data suggest that genetic overexpression or pharmacological upregulation of SCUBE2 may help to prevent vascular leakage and edema in inflammatory diseases.

ECIS Based Electric Fence Method for Measurement of Human Keratinocyte Migration on Different Substrates.

Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) is an impedance-based, real-time, and label-free measuring system for monitoring cellular activities in tissue culture. Previously, ECIS wound healing assay has been used to wound cells with high electric current and monitor the subsequent cell migration. In this study, we applied ECIS electric fence (EF) method, an alternative to electrical wounding, to assess the effects of different surface coatings on human keratinocyte (HaCaT) migration. The EF prevents inoculated cells from attaching or migrating to the fenced electrode surface while maintaining the integrity of the surface coating. After the EF is turned off, cells migrate into the cell-free area, and the increase in measured impedance is monitored. We cultured HaCaT cells on gold electrodes without coating or coated with poly-L-lysin (PLL), poly-D-lysine (PDL), or type-I collagen. We quantified migration rates according to the different slopes in the impedance time series. It was observed that either poly-L-lysine (PLL) or poly-D-lysine (PDL) limits cell adhesion and migration rates. Furthermore, the surface charge of the coated substrate in the culture condition positively correlates with the cell adhesion and migration process. Our results indicate that the EF method is useful for determining cell migration rates on specific surface coatings.

Investigating the Immunomodulatory Potential of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Cultured on Decellularized Bladder Hydrogel towards Macrophage Response In Vitro.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties and capacity for endogenous regeneration. Therefore, MSC therapy is a promising treatment strategy for COVID-19. However, the cells cannot stay in the lung long enough to exert their function. The extracellular matrix from porcine bladders (B-ECM) has been shown not only to regulate cellular activities but also to possess immunoregulatory characteristics. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that B-ECM hydrogel could be an excellent scaffold for MSCs to grow and could anchor MSCs long enough in the lung so that they can exhibit their immunomodulatory functions. In this study, ECM degradation products and a co-culture system of MSCs and macrophages were developed to study the immunomodulatory properties of ECM and MSCs under septic conditions. The results showed that B-ECM degradation products could decrease pro-inflammatory and increase anti-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages. In an in vivo mimicking co-culture system, MSCs cultured on B-ECM hydrogel exhibited immunomodulatory properties at both gene and protein levels. Both B-ECM degradation products and MSC conditioned medium supported the wound healing of alveolar epithelial cells. The results from the study could offer a basis for investigation of immunomodulation by ECM and MSCs before conducting in vivo experiments, which could later be applied in regenerative medicine.

Detecting Effects of Low Levels of FCCP on Stem Cell Micromotion and Wound-Healing Migration by Time-Series Capacitance Measurement.

Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) has been used as a real-time impedance-based method to quantify cell behavior in tissue culture. The method is capable of measuring both the resistance and capacitance of a cell-covered microelectrode at various AC frequencies. In this study, we demonstrate the application of high-frequency capacitance measurement (f = 40 or 64 kHz) for the sensitive detection of both the micromotion and wound-healing migration of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Impedance measurements of cell-covered electrodes upon the challenge of various concentrations of carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP), from 0.1 to 30 µM, were conducted using ECIS. FCCP is an uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), thereby reducing mitochondrial ATP production. By numerically analyzing the time-series capacitance data, a dose-dependent decrease in hMSC micromotion and wound-healing migration was observed, and the effect was significantly detected at levels as low as 0.1 µM. While most reported works with ECIS use the resistance/impedance time series, our results suggest the potential use of high-frequency capacitance time series for assessing migratory cell behavior such as micromotion and wound-healing migration.

Surface Modification of Biodegradable Mg-Based Scaffolds for Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation.

Magnesium alloys with coatings have the potential to be used for bone substitute alternatives since their mechanical properties are close to those of human bone. However, the surface modification of magnesium alloys to increase the surface biocompatibility and reduce the degradation rate remains a challenge. Here, FHA-Mg scaffolds were made of magnesium alloys and coated with fluorohydroxyapatite (FHA). Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were cultured on FHA-Mg scaffolds and cell viability, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation were investigated. The results showed that FHA-Mg scaffolds display a nano-scaled needle-like structure of aggregated crystallites on their surface. The average Mg2+ concentration in the conditioned media collected from FHA-Mg scaffolds (5.8-7.6 mM) is much lower than those collected from uncoated, Mg(OH)2-coated, and hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated samples (32.1, 17.7, and 21.1 mM, respectively). In addition, compared with hMSCs cultured on a culture dish, cells cultured on FHA-Mg scaffolds demonstrated better proliferation and comparable osteogenic differentiation. To eliminate the effect of osteogenic induction medium, hMSCs were cultured on FHA-Mg scaffolds in culture medium and an approximate 66% increase in osteogenic differentiation was observed three weeks later, indicating a significant effect of the nanostructured surface of FHA-Mg scaffolds on hMSC behaviors. With controllable Mg2+ release and favorable mechanical properties, porous FHA-Mg scaffolds have a great potential in cell-based bone regeneration.

Use of Discrete Wavelet Transform to Assess Impedance Fluctuations Obtained from Cellular Micromotion.

Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) is an attractive method for monitoring cell behaviors in tissue culture in real time. The time series impedance fluctuations of the cell-covered electrodes measured by ECIS are the phenomena accompanying cellular micromotion as cells continually rearrange their cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion sites. Accurate assessment of these fluctuations to extract useful information from raw data is important for both scientific and practical purposes. In this study, we apply discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to analyze the concentration-dependent effect of cytochalasin B on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The sampling rate of the impedance time series is 1 Hz and each data set consists of 2048 points. Our results demonstrate that, in the Daubechies (db) wavelet family, db1 is the optimal mother wavelet function for DWT-based analysis to assess the effect of cytochalasin B on HUVEC micromotion. By calculating the energy, standard deviation, variance, and signal magnitude area of DWT detail coefficients at level 1, we are able to significantly distinguish cytotoxic concentrations of cytochalasin B as low as 0.1 µM, and in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, DWT-based analysis indicates the possibility to decrease the sampling rate of the micromotion measurement from 1 Hz to 1/16 Hz without decreasing the discerning power. The statistical measures of DWT detail coefficients are effective methods for determining both the sampling rate and the number of individual samples for ECIS-based micromotion assays.

Electrochemical Assessment of Anticancer Compounds on the Human Tongue Squamous Carcinoma Cells.

The most common oral cancer is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and its highest occurrence is in the tongue. Almost 30% of patients with one primary head and neck tumor will have a second primary malignancy. In recent studies, two novel plant extracts, andrographolide and cannabidiol (CBD), have been exploited for their anticancer effects. Here, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of these two compounds on SCC-25 cells, a human tongue squamous carcinoma cell line, and compared the outcomes with two chemotherapeutic drugs, cisplatin and fluorouracil. Electric cell substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) system was applied to measure frequency- and time-dependent impedance of SCC-25 cell-covered electrodes and to further assess subtle changes in cell morphology and micromotion in response to different concentrations (0, 10, 30, 100, and 300 µM) of these compounds. AlamarBlue and Annexin V/7-AAD binding assays were used to measure the concentration dependent changes in viability and apoptosis of SCC-25 cells. Our results demonstrate that 24 hours after exposure to 30 µM CBD can significantly decrease the micromotion rate, damage the integrity of cell morphology, reduce cell viability, and induce higher apoptosis in treated SCC-25 cells, while the other three drugs attain similar effects at the concentration of 100 µM or higher. The apoptosis-induced changes in cell morphology and micromotion monitored by ECIS correlate well with biochemical assays. Thus, both frequency- and time-dependent impedance measurements using ECIS can be used to real-time follow cancer cell activities in response to anticancer drugs with different temporal cytotoxicity profiles.

Association between hypertensive pregnancy disorders and future risk of stroke in Taiwan: a Nationwide population-based retrospective case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of female stroke has increased gradually and has begun occurring at a younger age in recent years. Given that women live longer than men, stroke would cause more negative and longer-term impacts on the rest of the lives of women. There are few related studies on Asian women. We aimed to evaluate stroke risk in Asian women following hypertensive pregnancy disorders. METHODS: Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance database, we designed a retrospective study that included pregnant women between 2000 and 2013. We selected an age-matched control group of women without hypertensive pregnancy disorders at a 1:3 ratio. The endpoint was any episode of stroke; otherwise, the patients were tracked until December 31, 2013. After the index date until the end of 2013, Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to compare the risk of incident stroke. The risk factors for stroke were determined using Cox proportional regression to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) compared with the control group. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, the Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that patients with hypertensive pregnancy disorders had a significantly higher risk of developing stroke than did patients without hypertensive pregnancy disorders (log-rank test P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the case group had a 2.134-fold increased risk of stroke (HR = 2.134; 95% CI = 1.817-2.505; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study provided evidence of an increased risk of stroke in patients with hypertensive pregnancy disorders. Compared with those without such disorders, the patients who had experienced the disorders had a 2.134-fold (P < 0.001) higher risk of developing stroke in the future.

Low Intensity Ultrasound Induces Epithelial Cell Adhesion Responses.

In this study, we investigated the cellular mechanosensitive responses to a low intensity ultrasound (LIUS) stimulation (ISATA = 1 mW/cm2, pressure = 10 kPa). The dose and temporal effects at cell-substrate adhesion (CSA) at the basal level and cell-cell adhesion (CCA) at the apical level are reported in detail. A model of mouse mammary gland epithelial cells (EpH4) and the phosphorylation of mechanosensitive 130 kDa Crk-associated substrate (p130CAS) as an indicator for cellular responses were used. The intensity of phospho-p130CAS was found to be dependent on LIUS stress level, and the p130CAS was phosphorylated after 1 min stimulation at CSA. The phospho-p130CAS was also found to increase significantly at CCA upon LIUS stimulation. We confirmed that the cellular responses to ultrasound are immediate and dose dependent. Ultrasound affects not only CSA but also CCA. An E-cadherin knockout (EpH4ECad-/-) model also confirmed that phosphorylation of p130CAS at CCA is related to E-cadherins.

Association of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) with ectopic pregnancy and preterm labor in Taiwan: A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infectious disease that causes tubal occlusion and other pelvic and abdominal adhesions. The incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) has increased due to the sexually active status of the young population. This leads to a more serious problem and a larger effect than previously observed. However, there have been few studies on this topic in Asian populations. AIM: We aimed to evaluate the risk of preterm labor and/or ectopic pregnancy in Taiwanese women following PID. DESIGN: Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database, we designed a retrospective cohort study that included 12- to 55-year-old pregnant women between 2000 and 2010. We selected a 1:3 age-matched control group of non-PID women. The endpoint was any episode of preterm labor or ectopic pregnancy; otherwise, the patients were tracked until 31 December 2010. METHODS: The risk factors for preterm labor or ectopic pregnancy were explored. For cases included from the index date until the end of 2010, we analyzed the risk of incident preterm labor or ectopic pregnancy. With the use of a multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, we calculated the hazard ratio (HR) with a 95% CI and compared it with that of the control group. RESULTS: This study examined 30,450 patients with PID and 91,350 controls. During the follow-up period, patients in the PID group were more likely to develop preterm labor or ectopic pregnancy than patients in the control group. The cumulative incidence rates for developing preterm labor were 1.84% (561/30,450 individuals) in patients with PID and 1.63% (1492/91,350 individuals) in patients without PID. On the other hand, the cumulative incidence rate for developing ectopic pregnancy in patients with PID was 0.05% (14/30,450 individuals) but was only 0.04% (33/91,350 individuals) in patients without PID. Compared with those without PID, the patients with PID had a 1.864 times (P<0.001) higher risk of developing preterm labor and a 2.121 times (P = 0.003) higher risk of developing ectopic pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Our study provided evidence of an increased risk of preterm labor or ectopic pregnancy in PID patients.

Application of ECIS to Assess FCCP-Induced Changes of MSC Micromotion and Wound Healing Migration.

Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) is an emerging technique for sensitively monitoring morphological changes of adherent cells in tissue culture. In this study, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were exposed to different concentrations of carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) for 20 h and their subsequent concentration-dependent responses in micromotion and wound healing migration were measured by ECIS. FCCP disrupts ATP synthesis and results in a decrease in cell migration rates. To detect the change of cell micromotion in response to FCCP challenge, time-series resistances of cell-covered electrodes were monitored and the values of variance were calculated to verify the difference. While Seahorse XF-24 extracellular flux analyzer can detect the effect of FCCP at 3 µM concentration, the variance calculation of the time-series resistances measured at 4 kHz can detect the effect of FCCP at concentrations as low as 1 µM. For wound healing migration, the recovery resistance curves were fitted by sigmoid curve and the hill slope showed a concentration-dependent decline from 0.3 µM to 3 µM, indicating a decrease in cell migration rate. Moreover, dose dependent incline of the inflection points from 0.3 µM to 3 µM FCCP implied the increase of the half time for wound recovery migration. Together, our results demonstrate that partial uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation reduces micromotion and wound healing migration of hMSCs. The ECIS method used in this study offers a simple and sensitive approach to investigate stem cell migration and its regulation by mitochondrial dynamics.

Leptin induces MMP1/13 and ADAMTS 4 expressions through bone morphogenetic protein-2 autocrine effect in human chondrocytes.

The induction of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)2 in injured and arthritis articular cartilage has been proposed, but the precise mechanism has not been clearly clarified. Our previous study has found that leptin could stimulate the BMP2 autocrine effect to increase the anabolic collagen II expression when it initiates the catabolic response in human chondrocytes. It has been suggested that this BMP2 autocrine effect contributes to a reparative role in leptin-stimulated human chondrocytes. In this study, we further determined whether this BMP2 autocrine effect also affect the expressions of catabolic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTS). Human primary and SW1353 chondrocytes were used in this study. It was shown that leptin could induce the expressions of MMP1, 3, and 13 and ADAMTS4 and 5 in both human primary and SW1353 chondrocytes. Leptin-increased MMP1/13 (not MMP3) and ADAMTS4 (not ADAMTS5) expressions were affected by the leptin-upregulated BMP2 and its specific downstream Smad1/5 signaling. Moreover, both HDAC3 and 4 are involved in regulating leptin-induced BMP2 upregulation and then affect MMP1 and 13 and ADAMTS4 expression. Both HDAC3 and 4 also affect leptin-increased MMP3 mRNA expression but not through BMP2 autocrine effect of leptin induction. Our results further elucidated the role of BMP2 autocrine effect in matrix-degrading enzymes expressions under leptin stimulation. The findings in this study provide new insights into the possible mechanism of BMP2 induction in leptin-stimulated chondrocytes and in leptin-induced OA development.

Low Shear Stress Attenuates COX-2 Expression Induced by Resistin in Human Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes.

Low shear stress has been proposed to play a reparative role in modulating cartilage homeostasis. Recently, epidemiological studies have found a positive correlation between the resistin level in serum and synovial fluid and osteoarthritis (OA) severity in patients. However, the effect of moderate shear stress on the catabolic stimulation of resistin in OA chondrocytes remains unclear. Hence, this study was to investigate whether low shear stress could regulate resistin-induced catabolic cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in human OA chondrocytes and the underlying mechanism. Human OA chondrocytes and SW1353 chondrosarcoma cells were used in this study. Two modes of low shear stress (2 dyn/cm2 ), pre-shear and post-shear, were applied to the chondrocytes. A specific activator and siRNAs were used to investigate the mechanism of low shear stress-regulated COX-2 expression of resistin induction. We found that human OA chondrocytes exposed to different modes of low shear stress elicit an opposite effect on resistin-induced COX-2 expression: pre-shear for a short duration attenuates the resistin effect by inhibiting the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB-p65 subunit and the cAMP response element binding protein; however, post-shear over a longer duration enhances the resistin effect by activating only the NF-κB-p65 subunit. Moreover, our results demonstrated that the regulation of both shear modes in resistin-stimulated COX-2 expression occurs through increasing AMP-activated protein kinase activation and then sirtuin 1 expression. This study elucidates the detailed mechanism of low shear stress regulating the resistin-induced catabolic COX-2 expression and indicates a possible reparative role of moderate shear force in resistin-stimulated OA development. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1448-1457, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Monitoring of ovarian cancer cell invasion in real time with frequency-dependent impedance measurement.

The conventional approach to assessing cancer invasion is primarily for end-point analysis, which does not provide temporal information on the invasion process or any information on the interactions between invading cells and the underlying adherent cells. To alleviate these limitations, the present study exploited electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) to monitor the invasion of ovarian cancer cells (SKOV-3) through an adherent monolayer of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Impedance was measured at 4 kHz of AC voltage or was measured as a function of AC frequency (25 Hz to 60 kHz). By measuring impedance at 4-kHz AC, we found that the invasion of SKOV-3 cells through the HUVEC monolayer was manifested as a rapid decrease in transendothelial electrical resistance in real time. The invasion was augmented in the presence of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). The enhancing effect of HGF was attenuated by c-Met inhibitor (SU11274). By measuring the frequency-dependent impedance of SKOV-3 cells over time, we found that HGF-enhanced SKOV-3 cell invasion was accomplished with reduced junctional resistance (Rb), increased average cell-substrate separation (h), and increased micromotion. SU11274 attenuated the effects of HGF on Rb, h, and micromotion in the SKOV-3 monolayer. SU11274 also increased the barrier function of the HUVEC monolayer by increasing Rb and decreasing h In conclusion, this study demonstrated an improved method for monitoring and studying the interactions between cancer cells and the underlying adherent cells during invasion in real time. Alterations in cellular biophysical properties (Rb, h) associated with cancer transendothelial invasion were detected.

Stiffness-controlled three-dimensional collagen scaffolds for differentiation of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells into cardiac progenitor cells.

Stem cell-based regenerative therapy has emerged as a promising treatment for myocardial infarction. The aim of this study is to develop stiffness-controlled collagen scaffolds to allow proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) into cardiac progenitor cells. In this study transforming growth factor ß2 (TGF-ß2), was used to induce stem cell differentiation into cardiac lineage cells. Collagen scaffolds were cross-linked with cross-linkers, 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), and N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The results showed that collagen scaffolds cross-linked with 25/50 and 50/50 of EDC mM/NHS mM cross-linkers exhibited little difference in shape and size, the scaffold cross-linked with 50/50 of cross-linkers demonstrated better interconnectivity and higher Young's modulus (31.8 kPa) than the other (15.4 kPa). SEM observation showed that MSCs could grow inside the scaffolds and interact with collagen scaffolds. Furthermore, greater viability and cardiac lineage differentiation were achieved in MSCs cultured on stiffer scaffolds. The results suggest that three-dimensional type I collagen scaffolds with suitable cross-linking to adjust for stiffness can affect MSC fate and direct the differentiation of MSCs into cardiac progenitor cells with/without TGF-ß2. These stiffness-controlled collagen scaffolds hold great potential as carriers for delivering MSCs differentiated cardiac progenitor cells into infracted hearts. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2234-2242, 2016.

Videography supported adhesion, and proliferation behavior of MG-63 osteoblastic cells on 2.5D titania nanotube matrices.

Human osteosarcoma cells MG-63 were cultured on anodically etched titania nanotubes (TiO2 NT), with diameters ranging from 40-100 nm, to study the correlations between cell proliferation and adhesion on the 2.5 dimensional (2.5D) extracellular matrix (ECM). Unlike other reports, mostly based on mouse stem cells, and 2D cell culture, our studies indicate that the 2.5D NT promote higher proliferation and activity, but less 2D adhesion. Proliferation of the MG-63 cells was significantly higher in the NTs, the best being the 70 nm diameter sample, compared to planar titania (control). This is consistent with previous studies. However, cellular adhesion was stronger on TiO2 NT with increasing diameter, and highest on the control as obtained from shear stress measurement, paxilin imaging, and western blot measurements probing focal adhesion kinase, p130 CAS, and extracellular-regulated kinase, in addition to cell morphology imaging by fluorescence microscopy. We provide direct videography of cell migration, and cell speed data indicating faster filopodial activity on the TiO2 NT surfaces having lower adhesion. This evidence was not available previously. The NT matrices promote cells with smaller surface area, because of less 2D stretching. In contrast, on comparatively planar 2D-like surfaces uniaxial stretching of the cell body with strong anchoring of the filopodia, resulted in larger cell surface area, and demonstrated stronger adhesion. The difference in the results, with those previously published, may be generally attributed to, among others, the use of mouse stem cells (human osteosarcoma used here), and unannealed as-grown TiO2 NTs used previously (annealed ECMs used here).

Apolipoprotein A-IV: a protein intimately involved in metabolism.

The purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the physiological roles of apoA-IV in metabolism, and to underscore the potential for apoA-IV to be a focus for new therapies aimed at the treatment of diabetes and obesity-related disorders. ApoA-IV is primarily synthesized by the small intestine, attached to chylomicrons by enterocytes, and secreted into intestinal lymph during fat absorption. In circulation, apoA-IV is associated with HDL and chylomicron remnants, but a large portion is lipoprotein free. Due to its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and because it can mediate reverse-cholesterol transport, proposed functions of circulating apoA-IV have been related to protection from cardiovascular disease. This review, however, focuses primarily on several properties of apoA-IV that impact other metabolic functions related to food intake, obesity, and diabetes. In addition to participating in triglyceride absorption, apoA-IV can act as an acute satiation factor through both peripheral and central routes of action. It also modulates glucose homeostasis through incretin-like effects on insulin secretion, and by moderating hepatic glucose production. While apoA-IV receptors remain to be conclusively identified, the latter modes of action suggest that this protein holds therapeutic promise for treating metabolic disease.

ApoA-IV: current and emerging roles in intestinal lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and satiety.

Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) is secreted by the small intestine on chylomicrons into intestinal lymph in response to fat absorption. Many physiological functions have been ascribed to apoA-IV, including a role in chylomicron assembly and lipid metabolism, a mediator of reverse-cholesterol transport, an acute satiety factor, a regulator of gastric function, and, finally, a modulator of blood glucose homeostasis. The purpose of this review is to update our current view of intestinal apoA-IV synthesis and secretion and the physiological roles of apoA-IV in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, and to underscore the potential for intestinal apoA-IV to serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetes and obesity-related disease.

Assessing in vitro cytotoxicity of cell micromotion by Hilbert-Huang transform.

Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) is a powerful instrument for quantifying cell behavior in tissue culture. As cells attach and spread on the sensing electrode, they restrict the current flow and hence cause the increase of electrical impedance. Furthermore, cell motion may reveal itself as electrical fluctuations, which are always associated with living cells and continue even when the cells become fully confluent. The impedance fluctuation is attributed to incessant changes in the size of the cell-substrate space as cells persistently rearrange their cell-substrate adhesion sites. The magnitude of this sort of vertical motion detected by ECIS is of the order of nanometers and referred to as micromotion. In this study, Hilbert-Huang Transform was used as a micromotion analysis tool to distinguish the in vitro cytotoxicity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to low levels of cytochalasin B. Hilbert-Huang Transform consists of two procedures: the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and the Hilbert Transform. The measured impedance fluctuations due to cell micromotion were decomposed into several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) by EMD, and then these IMFs were transferred to instantaneous frequencies by Hilbert Transform. Both amplitude and phase of instantaneous frequencies were expressed as a time-frequency spectrum, called Hilbert spectrum, which displayed different distribution pattern in response to different cytochalasin B concentration. The total instantaneous energy (IE) of each IMF was also calculated to quantify the spectral difference. In addition to the observation of a dose-dependent relationship, the IE value of the first IMF at 0.1 µM decreased to about 48% of the control value and significantly distinguished the cytotoxic effect of 0.1 µM of cytochalasin B (P<0.05).