[Relationship between glucose utilization by tissues and residual insulin secretion and their role in the genesis of hyperglycemia in type I diabetes mellitus]. / Vzaimosviaz' utilizatsii gliukozy tkaniami i ostatochnoi sekretsii insulina i ikh rol' v geneze giperglikemii pri sakharnom diabete I tipa.

Altogether 67 patients aged 16 to 50 suffering from insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) of various duration were investigated to study the effect of peripheral sensitivity to insulin on genesis to hyperglycemia in type I diabetes mellitus. Residual beta-cell insulin secretory function was assessed by the level of C-peptide in a standard food test, and the rate of glucose utilization by tissues was studied by the clamp-method under the conditions of normoglycemia. The results obtained indicate the role of a decrease in peripheral sensitivity to insulin in genesis of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus, type I, and the presence of reciprocal interactions between glucose utilization and insulin secretion in IDDM patients and in controls.

[The carbohydrate metabolic characteristics of patients with diffuse toxic goiter proceeding with an increase in body weight]. / Osobennosti uglevodnogo obmena u bol'nykh diffuznym toksicheskim zobom, protekaiushchim s narastaniem massy tela.

Altogether 10 patients (aged 15 to 18) with Basedow's disease, accompanied by a growing body mass were investigated before operation and 5 patients 6 mos. after subtotal strumectomy. Ten patients with Basedow's diseases without body mass increment were taken as controls. A characteristic feature of carbohydrate metabolism in the study group as compared to the control group was hyperinsulinism with normal GTT which was preserved after doing away with thyrotoxicosis. The C-peptide/IRI ratio in patients with Basedow's disease, accompanied by a growing body mass, was decreased as compared to the control group, a tendency towards its increase after subtotal strumectomy was observed. Any differences in the levels of thyroid hormones, TSH and thyroid stimulating blood activity were undetectable.

[The importance of food and drug plant factors in the combined treatment of patients with type-II diabetes mellitus]. / Znachenie pishchevykh i lekarstvennykh rastitel'nykh faktorov v kompleksnom lechenii bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom II tipa.

A study was made of the effect of natural (vegetable dish) and refined (food methylcellulose--MC-100 and citrus pectin) vegetable fibers and Arfazetin (antidiabetic species, USSR) on the level of glucose, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), C-peptide, glucagon and gastrin in the blood of 41 patients with type II diabetes mellitus. These parameters were investigated on an empty stomach, 1, 2 and 4 h after breakfast I with a standard set of foodstuffs and minimum content of nutritive fibers. Similar investigations were conducted after intake of the same breakfast I in combination with various vegetable components. All the vegetable factors under study were shown to contribute to a decrease in a value of a glycemic rise noted after food intake. A vegetable dish and Arfazetin equally caused a significant rise of IRI secretion and C-peptide 60-90 min. after breakfast. MC-100 and particularly pectin decreased IRI and C-peptide secretion. There was a significant rise of gastrin secretion 1, 2 and 4 h when pectin was added to breakfast. When Arfazetin, a vegetable dish and MC-100 were added to breakfast I, a tendency to a rise of serum gastrin was observed 1 h after breakfast. The level of IRG during investigations with vegetable components did not differ from the results of investigations without these components.

[The insulin and proinsulin levels in patients with newly detected diabetes mellitus]. / Soderzhanie insulina i proinsulina u bol'nykh s vnov' vyiavlennym sakharnym diabetom.

Total immunoreactive insulin (IRI), proinsulin-like component, IRI, C-peptide and glucagon were determined in patients with newly detected diabetes mellitus and in healthy subjects on an empty stomach and after food testing. The results obtained have shown that a study of the serum total IRI composition combined with C-peptide determination during food testing can be used as a diagnostic test to define a type of diabetes mellitus.

[Use of the monopeak insulin drugs "insulrap" and "insulong" in the treatment of type I diabetes mellitus]. / Primenenie monopikovykh preparatov insulina "insulrap" i "insulong" v lechenii sakharnogo diabeta I tipa.

A study was made of the effectiveness of the use of new monopeak insulin drugs of short-term and prolonged action in therapy of 30 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The effect of the drugs was estimated during a follow-up (1-6 mos.) by the parameters of carbohydrate metabolism and the time course of serum insulin binding capacity as well as by change in a dose of insulin as compared to that of the common Soviet drugs of the insulin-zink-suspension (IZS) group and monopeak drugs of the Long group. The drugs under study were shown to be no inferior to the monopeak drugs of the Long group and in some cases superior to the drugs of the IZS group. A significant decrease in the titer of antibodies to insulin against a background of therapy was unnoticed. Positive and negative qualities of both drugs (Insulrap and Insulong) were discussed.

[Functional activity of the insular apparatus of the pancreas in children with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus]. / Funktsional'naia aktivnost' ostrovkovogo apparata podzheludochnoi zhelezy u detei s vpervye vyiavlennym sakharnym diabetom.

It has been shown that before insulin treatment children with diabetes mellitus diagnosed for the first time manifested heterogenous endogenous secretion of insulin, which did not correlate with the disease standing before diagnosis establishment.

[Arfazetin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus]. / Arfezetin v lechenii sakharnogo diabeta.

Hypoglycemic activity of arfazetin, a Soviet antidiabetic species of medicinal plants, was studied in 32 patients with diabetes mellitus, types I and II. Arfazetin was administered to patients with diabetes mellitus, type I, in combination with a diet and an adequate dose of insulin. All the patients with diabetes mellitus, type II, were given infusion in addition to a diet and hypoglycemic drugs. The conclusions were the following. The species possessed hypoglycemic activity. In patients with diabetes mellitus, type II, it made it possible to decrease or even give up a daily dose of hypoglycemic drugs per os. In patients with diabetes mellitus, type II, arfazetin produced no significant effect on the level of hypoglycemia. The optimum daily dose of arfazetin was 1 glass of infusion prepared ex tempore out of 5 g of dried species to be taken 30 min. before meal (one-third of glass) 3 times a day for one month.

[Use of human insulin preparations in the treatment of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus]. / Primenenie preparatov chelovecheskogo insulina pri lechenii bol'nykh insulinzavisimym sakharnym diabetom.

The authors presented the results of a study of human insulin drugs Monotard HM and Actrapid HM (Novo, Denmark) for type I diabetes mellitus. They stressed their efficacy in therapy of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: a course of disease became less labile, the time of achieving compensation was reduced; the drugs proved to be effective in the treatment of post-injection insulinlipodystrophies, in body mass deficiency; a tendency to a decrease in daily insulin requirement, serum insulin binding capacity, and in increase in the content of free insulin were noted.

[Effect of captopril on insulin secretion and blood glucose in patients with arterial hypertension]. / Vliianie kaptoprila na sekretsiiu insulina i glikemiiu u bol'nykh arterial'noi gipertoniei.

In 16 hypertensive patients levels of glucose, immunoreactive insulin and C-peptide were studied during oral glucose tolerance test before and 10 days after treatment with captopril. The analysis of the results obtained showed that captopril had no effect on carbohydrate metabolism which is advantageous for treatment of hypertensive patients.

[Correlation between the rate of protein and nucleic acid synthesis and the intensity of various glucose metabolic pathways in rat liver cells]. / Sootnoshenie skorosti sinteza belkov i nukleinovykh kislot i intensivnosti razlichnykh putei metabolizma gliukozy v kletkakh pecheni krys.

A sharp and strong suppression of protein synthesis by cycloheximide in liver cells of starving rats is paralleled with activation of RNA synthesis and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase production. Subsequent reconstitution and stimulation of protein synthesis (6-12 hrs after cycloheximide injection) result in activation of hexokinase. Upon stimulation of DNA synthesis (48-60 hrs after cycloheximide injection) the activity of both enzymes is very low. Since glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase appears to be the limiting step of glucose decay via the pentose phosphate pathway, and hexokinase is the limiting step of glycolysis, it was assumed that RNA synthesis predominantly occurs via the pentose phosphate pathway, while that of proteins via glycolysis.

[Effect of dietary supplements with different cellulose content on the blood glucose and insulin levels in type II diabetes mellitus]. / Vliianie pishchevykh nagruzok s razlichnym soderzhaniem kletchatki na uroven' gliukozy i insulina v krovi u bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom II tipa.

The influence of cellulose-containing vegetables, added to the breakfast, on the blood glucose and insulin levels, was investigated in patients, suffering from type II diabetes mellitus and healthy humans. It was shown, that cellulose promotes a decrease in the glycemia and a rise in the insulin level 1 to 1.5 hours after the breakfast. On the basis of their own results and data of other authors it was concluded that cellulose exerts a good effect upon the blood glucose level and its use should be recommended as a dietetic treatment component in patients with type II diabetes mellitus.

[Fat and carbohydrate metabolism in lipodystrophies]. / Sostoianie zhirovogo i uglevodnogo obmena pri lipodistrofiiakh.

Several indices of fat and carbohydrate metabolism were examined in 9 patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy and in 11 subjects with the hypermuscular form of the disease. The latent or manifest disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, hyperinsulinism, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, lipid spectrum displacement towards pre-beta-lipoproteid fraction were seen in the majority of patients. Disturbed fat metabolism was more pronounced in patients with hypermuscular lipodystrophy. In lipoatrophic states there was no correlation between immunoreactive insulin level and triglyceride concentration in the blood plasma.

[Glucagon and insulin levels in diabetes mellitus patients]. / Izuchenie urovnia gliukagona i insulina u bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom.

Insulin and glucagon levels and their molar ratio were examined in patients with medium severity diabetes mellitus and stage I-III obesity given sugar-reducing drugs perorally. Immunoreactive insulin and immunoreactive glucagon, levels varied within broad limits, with a trend to increase in the majority of patients. Both low (1.4) and high (10.9) molar ratios of insulin and glucagon were observed (it comprised 3.4 in the control group). The degree of obesity did not always correlate with the molar ratio or with the immunoreactive insulin level. During treatment a trend for normalization of the insulin/glucagon molar ration was noted. The insulin/glucagon ratio may be used as an index of the efficacy of the treatment.