ABSTRACT
An internal locus of control contributes to positive youth outcomes such as a general well-being and academic success, while also serving as a protective factor against exposure to community violence and reducing negative behaviors like violence. Despite these benefits, very little is known about antecedents of an internal locus of control orientation. Without an understanding of what factors contribute to the development of an internal locus of control, it is not clear how to best encourage its formation. This study uses data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods to examine whether various mesosystem variables (family management strategies, peer interactions, neighborhood context, and individual-level characteristics) are associated with an internal locus of control orientation among 1,076 youth ages 9-19 living in 78 Chicago neighborhoods. Study participants were Hispanic (46 %), African American (34 %), and White (15 %), and 50 % were female. The findings suggest that, while most levels of the mesosystem influence locus of control orientation, family management strategies are more prominent determinants of an internal locus of control than peers, neighborhood context, or individual characteristics. Parental supervision over the time a youth spends at home and family socioeconomic status are consistent predictors of an internal locus of control, while harsh discipline is associated with an external locus of control. The discussion examines the import of various parenting techniques in shaping an internal locus of control and considers future avenues for research to further unpack how antecedents of locus of control can vary across youth.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Child Behavior/psychology , Juvenile Delinquency/psychology , Parent-Child Relations , Parents/psychology , Adolescent , Adolescent Behavior/ethnology , Black or African American/statistics & numerical data , Chicago , Child , Child Behavior/ethnology , Female , Hispanic or Latino/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Juvenile Delinquency/ethnology , Male , Peer Group , Psychology, Adolescent , Psychology, Child , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data , White People/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Venomous snakebites are relatively rare in Portugal. Pediatric victims present with greater severity and are at risk of fatal complications. Clinical management protocols are the gold standard of care worldwide. We report two cases of venomous adder bites in pediatric patients. Based on a literature review we also discuss the clinical management and present a treatment protocol that ensures multidisciplinary and updated practice by medical teams.
A mordedura de ofídio venenoso é uma situação rara em Portugal. Quando ocorre em idade pediátrica apresenta maior gravidade e risco de complicações fatais. A actuação protocolada constitui o gold standard of care nos centros internacionais. Neste artigo apresentamos dois casos clínicos de mordedura de ofídio venenoso em idade pediátrica. Baseados na literatura actual, discutimos a actuação clínica tomada e expomos uma proposta de protocolo de actuação hospitalar que visa uma intervenção multidisciplinar e actualizada das equipas médicas envolvidas.
