ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics of cutaneous adverse reactions and cross-sensitivity induced by antiseizure medications and compare the pattern of use of antiseizure medications in patients with epilepsy according to skin rash history. METHODS: We analysed patients with a history of skin rash presenting for up to 12 weeks after initiating antiseizure medication. The history of skin rash was verified by medical charts, interviews, and identification of skin lesions by patients based on illustrative images. The minimum follow-up period was eight months. The control group comprised epilepsy patients with regular antiseizure medication use for at least 12 weeks without skin rash. We included 109 cases and 99 controls. RESULTS: The median (interquartile range) period from the index rash was six years (2-11). Carbamazepine was the trigger medication in 48% of cases and induced skin rashes in all patients with cross-sensitivity and carbamazepine exposure. Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, or drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms affected 36% of cases. Carbamazepine- or oxcarbazepine-induced maculopapular exanthema occurred earlier (median: one week) than that induced by other antiseizure medications (median: three weeks) (p=0.006). Cross-sensitivity was more common in patients with at least one episode of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (29%) and Stevens-Johnson/toxic epidermal necrolysis overlap (50%) than in patients with maculopapular exanthema (8%) (p=0.01). Although most cases were mild, the pattern of antiseizure medication use differed from that of controls, with a lower proportion of antiseizure medication typically associated with severe cutaneous adverse reactions (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, oxcarbazepine, and lamotrigine) (p<0.001). Most cases exposed to high-risk medication, however, did not develop cross-sensitivity. SIGNIFICANCE: Cutaneous adverse reaction history may influence antiseizure medication use. Cross-sensitivity is more common in severe cases and most patients are affected by mild, self-limited skin rashes. Further research should consider the relevance of mild skin rashes in lifelong epilepsy treatment.
Subject(s)
Epilepsy , Stevens-Johnson Syndrome , Anticonvulsants/adverse effects , Carbamazepine/adverse effects , Epilepsy/drug therapy , Exanthema/chemically induced , Humans , Oxcarbazepine , Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/etiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To discuss the differential diagnosis of encephalitis beyond that of infectious etiology and to inform pediatricians about the possibility of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) encephalitis in children by highlighting its most important clinical features. DESCRIPTION: Three patients presented with an initial neuropsychiatric syndrome followed by encephalopathy and movement disorder. The initial neuropsychiatric features which developed over days to weeks included a change in personality, anxiety, confusion, and speech regression. This was followed by a choreoathetoid or dystonic movement disorder affecting the orofacial region and the limbs. After the exclusion of the major causes of encephalitis, NMDAr antibodies were identified in serum and cerebrospinal fluid, and neoplasm screening did not detect any tumor. Patients were submitted to immunosuppression, and two of them had a full neurological recovery. One of them still presents a mild dystonic posture in a limb. COMMENTS: Clinical signs of anti-NMDAr encephalitis in children are similar to those previously described in adults. Tumors are not usually detected by this age. The diagnosis of anti-NMDAr encephalitis must be addressed only after the exclusion of infectious and other recognizable causes of encephalitis. Pediatricians should be aware of this treatable autoimmune condition.
Subject(s)
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis/diagnosis , Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis/cerebrospinal fluid , Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis/drug therapy , Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis/psychology , Child , Child, Preschool , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Immunosuppression Therapy , Male , Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use , Movement Disorders/etiology , Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use , Seizures/etiology , Speech Disorders/etiologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus is more incident in female affecting different systems including the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to check the incidence of seizures and electroencephalographic features in these patients. METHOD: It was analyzed all patients with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus referred to the Pequeno Príncipe Hospital in Curitiba, PR, Brazil, in the year of 2007. The patients were submitted to EEG and subdivided into two groups according to the presence or absence of epileptic seizures. Mann-Whitney statistical test was used. RESULTS: Forty-nine cases were included, there were 73.45% female, with an age between 3 and 28 years (micro=17.00 years; s=5.01 years). Seizures (13/26.50%) were the most frequent manifestation followed by headache (13/26.50%) and ischemic stroke (6/12.25%). Cerebral vasculites were the most frequent alteration in neuroimage. The abnormalities of EEG were characterized by asymmetry of the electric cerebral activity, diffuse disorganized background activity, focal epileptiform discharges in the right central-temporal region, generalized paroxysmal of 3 Hz spike-waves, and bursts of theta-delta slowness activity in the right parietal-occiptal region. The statistic analysis showed no significantly difference between age of onset of symptoms and the risk of seizures (p 0.675) as well as between time of the disease and the risk of seizures (p 0.436). CONCLUSION: Neurologic manifestations, in special epileptic seizures, are frequent in systemic lupus erythematosus. Age of onset of symptoms and the time of disease did not increase the risk of epileptic seizures in this disease.
Subject(s)
Electroencephalography , Epilepsy/diagnosis , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications , Adolescent , Adult , Brazil , Child , Child, Preschool , Epilepsy/etiology , Epilepsy/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Male , Risk Factors , Statistics, Nonparametric , Young AdultABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Septo-optic dysplasia (De Morsier syndrome) is defined as the association between optic nerve hypoplasia, midline central nervous system malformations and pituitary dysfunction. CASE REPORT: Third child born to nonconsanguineous parents, female, adequate pre-natal medical care, cesarean term delivery due to breech presentation, Apgar score 3 at the first minute and 8 at 5 minutes, symptomatic hypoglycemia at 18 hours. Neurological follow-up identified a delay in acquisition of motor and language developmental milestones. Epileptic generalized seizures began at 12 months and were controlled with phenobarbital. EEG was normal. MRI revealed agenesis of the pituitary stalk, hypoplasia of the optic chiasm and periventricular nodular heterotopia. Ophthalmologic evaluation showed bilateral optic disk hypoplasia. Endocrine function laboratory tests revealed primary hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia. CONCLUSION: The relevance of this case report relies on its uniqueness, since periventricular heterotopia had not been described in association with septo-optic dysplasia until 2006.
Subject(s)
Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia/etiology , Septo-Optic Dysplasia/complications , Electroencephalography , Female , Homeodomain Proteins/genetics , Humans , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/pathology , Infant, Newborn , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Mutation/genetics , Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia/genetics , Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia/pathology , Phenotype , Septo-Optic Dysplasia/genetics , Septo-Optic Dysplasia/pathology , SyndromeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To characterize neurological involvement in juvenile systemic lupus erythe-matosus. METHOD: The charts of all patients with the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus before the age of 16 years, followed at the Rheumatology Unit of Pequeno Príncipe Hospital, from January 1992 to January 2006, were retrospectively reviewed, highlighting neuropsychiatric aspects. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients were included. Neuropsychiatric syndromes were found 29 (61.7%): seizures (17 / 36.2%), intractable headache (7 / 14.9%), mood disorders (5 / 10.6%), cerebrovascular disease (4 / 8.5%), acute confusional state (3 / 6.4%), aseptic meningitis (3 / 6.4%), psychosis (3 / 6.4%), chorea (3 / 6.4%), Guillain-Barré syndrome (2 / 4.3%) and cranial neuropathy (1 / 2.1%). Morbidity indexes (SLEDAI and SLICC) were higher among patients with neuropsychiatric manifestations (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Neuropsychiatric syndromes are frequent, and add significant morbidity to juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus.
Subject(s)
Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/diagnosis , Adolescent , Antibodies, Anticardiolipin/blood , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/complications , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Retrospective Studies , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: X-linked lissencephaly with ambiguous genitalia (XLAG) is a recently described genetic disorder caused by mutation in the aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) gene (Xp22.13). Patients present with lissencephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, refractory epilepsy of neonatal onset, acquired microcephaly and male genotype with ambiguous genitalia. CASE REPORT: Second child born to healthy nonconsanguineous parents, presented with seizures within the first hour of life that remained refractory to phenobarbital, phenytoin and midazolam. Examination identified microcephaly, axial hypotonia, pyramidal signs and ambiguous genitalia. EEG showed disorganized background activity and seizures starting at the right midtemporal, central and occipital regions. MRI showed diffuse pachygyria, moderate thickening of the cortex, enlarged ventricles, agenesis of the corpus callosum and septum pellucidum. Karyotype showed a 46,XY genotype. Additional findings were hypercalciuria, vesicoureteral reflux, patent ductus arteriosus and chronic diarrhea.
Subject(s)
Epilepsy/etiology , Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/diagnosis , Genitalia, Male/abnormalities , Homeodomain Proteins/genetics , Lissencephaly/genetics , Transcription Factors/genetics , Electroencephalography , Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/complications , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Lissencephaly/complications , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , SyndromeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Organic acidurias or organic acidemias are inherited metabolic disorders in which organic acids (carboxylic acids) accumulate in tissues and physiologic fluids of affected individuals. They are considered the most frequent metabolic disorders among severely ill children. Patients frequently present acute symptoms in early life. Metabolic acidosis and neurologic symptoms are the most common signs. METHODS: Urine specimens obtained from 1,926 children from January 1994 to July 2001 were used in analyses. Venous blood specimens were also collected from some patients. Samples were initially submitted to screening tests for detection of inborn errors of metabolism. Identification and semi-quantitation of organic acids in urine were performed by gas chromatography or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using capillary column (DB-5) and flame ionization detection. RESULTS: Ninety three (4.8%) cases of organic acidemias were diagnosed among 1,926 patients investigated from January 1994 to July 2001. Prompt therapy was instituted after diagnosis in a considerable number of patients and resulted in rapid improvement in their symptomatology, distinct from our previous cases diagnosed abroad where patients representing index cases died before any measure could be taken. CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrate the importance of diagnosing organic acidurias in loco in developing countries despite implied extra costs.
Subject(s)
Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diagnosis , Metabolism, Inborn Errors/urine , Brazil , Child , Child, Preschool , Chromatography, Gas , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Humans , Metabolism, Inborn Errors/epidemiology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objetivo: o objetivo deste trabalho foi ode verificar a prevalência das acidúrias orgânicas em pacientes brasileiros de alto risco. Métodos: técnicas laboratoriais para a detecção e quantificação de ácidos orgânicos por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa foram implantadas em Porto Alegre, Brasil. Foram analisados 1.480 pacientes suspeitos, investigados entre janeiro de 1994 e junho de 2000. Resultados: foram diagnosticados 73 (4,9 por cento) casos de acidemias (acidúrias) orgânicas entre os indivíduos testados. Na maioria desses pacientes a terapia resultou em rápida melhora na sua sintomatologia, distintamente de nossos casos previamente diagnosticados em outros laboratórios na Europa e nos Estados Unidos, quando muitos pacientes faleciam antes que quaisquer medidas pudessem ser tomadas. Conclusões: estes resultados mostram a importância de diagnosticar as acidúrias orgânicas in loco mesmo em países em desenvolvimento, apesar dos custos extras envolvidos
Subject(s)
Humans , Metabolism, Inborn Errors , Prevalence , Risk GroupsABSTRACT
The mutation in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransfere (HPRT) gene has been determined in two brothers affected with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Female members of the family who are at risk for being heterozygous carriers of the HPRT mutation were also studied to determine whether they carry the mutation. DNA sequencing revealed that the boys' mother heterozygous for the mutation in her somatic cells, but that three maternal aunts are not heterozygous. Such carrier information is important for the future pregnancy plans of at-risk females. The mutation, an A_T transversion at cDNA base 590 (590 A_T), results in an amino acid change of glutamic acid to valine at codon 197, and has not been reported previously in a Lesch-Nyhan syndrome male. This mutation is designated HPRT.
Subject(s)
Adult , Adolescent , Humans , Male , Female , Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase/genetics , Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome/diagnosis , Brazil , DNA, Complementary/analysis , White People , Heterozygote , Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome/genetics , MutationABSTRACT
Relato de caso de menino de 12 anos de idade que apresentou diversas crises convulsivas, cefaléia e vômitos de difícil controle, concomitantes a sinais neurológicos focais. Esses episódios eram recorrentes e apresentavam regressäo, com permanência de discreto déficit. A investigaçäo revelou aumento do ácido láctico plasmático, lesöes semelhantes a infartos cerebrais e calcificaçöes nos gânglios da base. A biópsia muscular mostrou inúmeras fibras granulares (ragged-reds) e diminuiçäo da citocromo c oxidase no tecido muscular. É apresentada revisäo sobre as desordens mitocondriais com comprometimento do sistema nervoso central e músculos, enfatizando-se o diagnóstico e reconhecimento desta nova entidade, tendo em vista possível tratamento sintomático
