Protocol for a mixed-method study to assess chronic cough in patients with renal cell carcinoma: the prevalence, impact on quality of life, trigger and potential clinical application of chronic cough as an early screening tool in patients with kidney cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Cough as a symptom of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was first described by Creevy in 1935, and despite one (unpublished) study suggesting it may affect 31% of these patients, as well as cough being discussed in forums for patients with kidney cancer, few clinicians are aware of this association. The cough has been described as unusual in nature, resolving rapidly after treatment with nephrectomy/embolisation but returning if the tumour recurs. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A prospective study using a questionnaire will identify the prevalence of cough in patients with suspected or confirmed RCC attending the Specialist Centre for Kidney Cancer (London, UK). A longitudinal study in a representative sample of these patients, using EQ-5D-5L and Leicester Cough Questionnaires, together with the use of semi-structured interviews with patients, will identify the impact of cough in addition to having a diagnosis of suspected or confirmed RCC on quality of life. To investigate cough mechanisms, a pilot study using cough hypersensitivity testing will be performed on patients with RCC, with and without a cough. Clinical samples (urine, blood, phlegm and breath condensate) from patients with RCC, with and without a cough, will be collected and analysed for the presence of substances known to trigger or enhance cough and compared with the results obtained from healthy volunteers. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval has been granted (UK HR REC 22/PR/0791 dated 25/08/2022). Study outputs will be presented and published nationally and internationally at relevant conferences. This study will establish the prevalence of cough in patients with suspected or confirmed kidney cancer and support the education of clinicians to consider this diagnosis in patients with chronic cough (eg, recommending protocols to include both kidneys when investigating respiratory symptoms with chest CT scans). If substances known to trigger or enhance cough are identified and elevated in clinical samples, this research could offer potential targets for treatment for this distressing symptom. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NIHR CRN portfolio CPMS ID:53 372.

Treatment of 3D In Vitro Tumoroids of Ovarian Cancer Using Photochemical Internalisation as a Drug Delivery Method.

Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a means of achieving spatio-temporal control of cytosolic drug delivery using sub-lethal photodynamic therapy (PDT), with a photosensitiser that can be activated by non-ionising visible light. Various 3D models including those developed at our laboratory, where spheroids are grown in a compressed collagen matrix, have been used for studying anti-cancer drug effects. However, the use of a more biomimetic tumouroid model which consists of a relatively hypoxic central cancer mass surrounded by its microenvironment (stroma) has not yet been explored in either toxicity or phototoxicity studies involving PCI. Here, we examined the efficacy of PCI using a porphyrin photosensitiser and a cytotoxin (Saporin) on ovarian cancer tumouroids, with HEY ovarian cancer cells in the central cancer compartment, and HDF fibroblast cells and HUVEC endothelial cells in the surrounding stromal compartment. The efficacy was compared to tumouroids treated with either Saporin or PDT alone, or no treatment. PCI treatment was shown to be effective in the tumouroids (determined through viability assays and imaging) and caused a considerable decrease in the viability of cancer cells both within the central cancer mass and those which had migrated into the stroma, as well as a reduction in the cell density of surrounding HUVEC and HDFs. Post-treatment, the mean distance of stromal invasion by cancer cells from the original cancer mass following treatment with Saporin alone was 730 µm vs. 125 µm for PCI. PDT was also effective at reducing viability in the central cancer mass and stroma but required a higher photosensitiser dose and light dose than PCI. Tumouroids, as tissue mimics, are suitable models for interrogating multicellular events following pharmacological assault.

Therapeutic potential of inhibiting histone 3 lysine 27 demethylases: a review of the literature.

Histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylation constitutes an important epigenetic mechanism of gene activation. It is mediated by the Jumonji C domain-containing lysine demethylases KDM6A and KDM6B, both of which have been implicated in a wide myriad of diseases, including blood and solid tumours, autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, and infectious diseases. Here, we review and summarise the pre-clinical evidence, both in vitro and in vivo, in support of the therapeutic potential of inhibiting H3K27-targeting demethylases, with a focus on the small-molecule inhibitor GSK-J4. In malignancies, KDM6A/B inhibition possesses the ability to inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, promote differentiation, and heighten sensitivity to currently employed chemotherapeutics. KDM6A/B inhibition also comprises a potent anti-inflammatory approach in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders associated with inappropriately exuberant inflammatory and autoimmune responses, restoring immunological homeostasis to inflamed tissues. With respect to infectious diseases, KDM6A/B inhibition can suppress the growth of infectious pathogens and attenuate the immunopathology precipitated by these pathogens. The pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo data, summarised in this review, suggest that inhibiting H3K27 demethylases holds immense therapeutic potential in many diseases.

The role of microvesicles as biomarkers in the screening of colorectal neoplasm.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second cause of cancer death worldwide. The role of circulating microvesicles as a screening tool is a novel, yet effective approach that warrants prioritised research. METHODS: In a two-gate diagnostic accuracy study, 35 patients with benign colorectal polyps (BCRP) (n = 16) and colorectal cancer (CRC) (n = 19) were compared to 17 age-matched healthy controls. Total annexin-V positive microvesicles and sub-populations positive for selected biomarkers relevant to bowel neoplasm were evaluated in patients' plasma using flow cytometry. Statistical methods including factor analysis utilising two component factors were performed to obtain optimal diagnostic accuracy of microvesicles in identifying patients with colorectal neoplasms. RESULTS: Total plasma microvesicles, and sub-populations positive for CD31, CD42a, CD31+/CD42a-, EPHB2, ICAM and LGR5 (component factor-1) were able to identify patients with BCRP and CRC with a receiver operator curve (AUC) accuracy of a 100% (95% CI: 100%-100%) and 95% (95% CI: 88%-100%), respectively. To identify patients with BCRP, a cut-off point value of component factor-1761 microvesicles/µl demonstrated a 100% sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value (NPV) and a 93% positive predictive value (PPV). To identify patients with CRC, a cut-off value of component factor-1 3 439 microvesicles/µl demonstrated a 100% sensitivity, specificity and NPV and a 65% PPV. CEA+ microvesicles sub-population were significantly (p < 0.02) higher in CRC in comparison to BCRP. CONCLUSIONS: Microvesicles as biomarkers for the early and accurate detection of CRC is a simple and effective tool that yields a potential breakthrough in clinical management.

One-Step Aqueous Synthesis of Anionic and Cationic AgInS2 Quantum Dots and Their Utility in Improving the Efficacy of ALA-Based Photodynamic Therapy.

Silver-indium-sulfide quantum dots (AIS QDs) have potential applications in many areas, including biomedicine. Their lack of regulated heavy metals, unlike many commercialized QDs, stands out as an advantage, but the necessity for alloyed or core-shell structures and related costly and sophisticated processes for the production of stable and high quantum yield aqueous AIS QDs are the current challenges. The present study demonstrates the one-step aqueous synthesis of simple AgInS2 QD compositions utilizing for the first time either a polyethyleneimine/2-mercaptopropionic acid (AIS-PEI/2MPA) mixture or only 2-mercaptopropionic acid (AIS-2MPA) as the stabilizing molecules, providing a AgInS2 portfolio consisting of cationic and anionic AIS QDs, respectively, and tuneable emission. Small AIS QDs with long-term stability and high quantum yields (19-23%) were achieved at a molar ratio of Ag/In/S 1/10/10 in water without any dopant or a semiconductor shell. The theranostic potential of these cationic and anionic AIS QDs was also evaluated in vitro. Non-toxic doses were determined, and fluorescence imaging potential was demonstrated. More importantly, these QDs were electrostatically loaded with zwitterionic 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as a prodrug to enhance the tumor availability of ALA and to improve ALA-induced porphyrin photodynamic therapy (PDT). This is the first study investigating the influence of nanoparticle charge on ALA binding, release, and therapeutic efficacy. Surface charge was found to be more critical in cellular internalization and dark toxicity rather than drug loading and release. Both QDs provided enhanced ALA release at acidic pH but protected the prodrug at physiological pH, which is critical for tumor delivery of ALA, which suffers from low bioavailability. The PDT efficacy of the ALA-loaded AIS QDs was tested in 2D monolayers and 3D constructs of HT29 and SW480 human colon adenocarcinoma cancer cell lines. The incorporation of ALA delivery by the AIS QDs, which on their own do not cause phototoxicity, elicited significant cell death due to enhanced light-induced ROS generation and apoptotic/necrotic cell death, reducing the IC50 for ALA dramatically to about 0.1 and 0.01 mM in anionic and cationic AIS QDs, respectively. Combined with simple synthetic methods, the strong intracellular photoluminescence of AIS QDs, good biocompatibility of especially the anionic AIS QDs, and the ability to act as drug carriers for effective PDT signify that the AIS QDs, in particular AIS-2MPA, are highly promising theranostic QDs.

Renal tumouroids: challenges of manufacturing 3D cultures from patient derived primary cells.

Recent advancements in 3D in vitro culture have allowed for the development of cancer tissue models which accurately recapitulate the tumour microenvironment. Consequently, there has been increased innovation in therapeutic drug screening. While organoid cultures show great potential, they are limited by the time scale of their growth in vitro and the dependence upon commercial matrices, such as Matrigel, which do not allow for manipulations of their composition or mechanical properties. Here, we show a straightforward approach for the isolation and culture of primary human renal carcinoma cells and matched non-affected kidney. This approach does not require any specific selection for cancer cells, and allows for their direct culture in amenable 3D collagen-based matrices, with the preservation of cancer cells as confirmed by NGS sequencing. This method allows for culture of patient-derived cancer cells in 3D microenvironment, which can be used for downstream experimentation such as investigation of cell-matrix interaction or drug screening.

Cetuximab-Ag2S quantum dots for fluorescence imaging and highly effective combination of ALA-based photodynamic/chemo-therapy of colorectal cancer cells.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a poor prognosis and urgently needs better therapeutic approaches. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) based photodynamic therapy (PDT) is already used in the clinic for several cancers but not yet well investigated for CRC. Currently, systemic administration of ALA offers a limited degree of tumour selectivity, except for intracranial tumours, limiting its wider use in the clinic. The combination of effective ALA-PDT and chemotherapy may provide a promising alternative approach for CRC treatment. Herein, theranostic Ag2S quantum dots (AS-2MPA) optically trackable in near-infrared (NIR), conjugated with endothelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting Cetuximab (Cet) and loaded with ALA for PDT monotherapy or ALA/5-fluorouracil (5FU) for the combination therapy are proposed for enhanced treatment of EGFR(+) CRC. AS-2MPA-Cet exhibited excellent targeting of the high EGFR expressing cells and showed a strong intracellular signal for NIR optical detection in a comparative study performed on SW480, HCT116, and HT29 cells, which exhibit high, medium and low EGFR expression, respectively. Targeting provided enhanced uptake of the ALA loaded nanoparticles by strong EGFR expressing cells and formation of higher levels of PpIX. Cells also differ in their efficiency to convert ALA to PpIX, and SW480 was the best, followed by HT29, while HCT116 was determined as unsuitable for ALA-PDT. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in 2D cell cultures and 3D spheroids of SW480 and HT29 cells using AS-2MPA with either electrostatically loaded, hydrazone or amide linked ALA to achieve different levels of pH or enzyme sensitive release. Most effective phototoxicity was observed in SW480 cells using AS-2MPA-ALA-electrostatic-Cet due to enhanced uptake of the particles, fast ALA release and effective ALA-to-PpIX conversion. Targeted delivery reduced the effective ALA concentration significantly which was further reduced with codelivery of 5FU. Delivery of ALA via covalent linkages was also effective for PDT, but required a longer incubation time for the release of ALA in therapeutic doses. Phototoxicity was correlated with high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptotic/necrotic cell death. Hence, both AS-2MPA-ALA-Cet based PDT and AS-2MPA-ALA-Cet-5FU based chemo/PDT combination therapy coupled with strong NIR tracking of the nanoparticles demonstrate an exceptional therapeutic effect on CRC cells and excellent potential for synergistic multistage tumour targeting therapy.

Tissue-Engineering the Fibrous Pancreatic Tumour Stroma Capsule in 3D Tumouroids to Demonstrate Paclitaxel Response.

Pancreatic cancer is a unique cancer in that up to 90% of its tumour mass is composed of a hypovascular and fibrotic stroma. This makes it extremely difficult for chemotherapies to be delivered into the core of the cancer mass. We tissue-engineered a biomimetic 3D pancreatic cancer ("tumouroid") model comprised of a central artificial cancer mass (ACM), containing MIA Paca-2 cells, surrounded by a fibrotic stromal compartment. This stromal compartment had a higher concentration of collagen type I, fibronectin, laminin, and hyaluronic acid (HA) than the ACM. The incorporation of HA was validated with alcian blue staining. Response to paclitaxel was determined in 2D MIA Paca-2 cell cultures, the ACMs alone, and in simple and complex tumouroids, in order to demonstrate drug sensitivity within pancreatic tumouroids of increasing complexity. The results showed that MIA Paca-2 cells grew into the complex stroma and invaded as cell clusters with a maximum distance of 363.7 µm by day 21. In terms of drug response, the IC50 for paclitaxel for MIA Paca-2 cells increased from 0.819 nM in 2D to 3.02 nM in ACMs and to 5.87 nM and 3.803 nM in simple and complex tumouroids respectively, indicating that drug penetration may be significantly reduced in the latter. The results demonstrate the need for biomimetic models during initial drug testing and evaluation.

Clinical relevance assessment of animal preclinical research (RAA) tool: development and explanation.

BACKGROUND: Only a small proportion of preclinical research (research performed in animal models prior to clinical trials in humans) translates into clinical benefit in humans. Possible reasons for the lack of translation of the results observed in preclinical research into human clinical benefit include the design, conduct, and reporting of preclinical studies. There is currently no formal domain-based assessment of the clinical relevance of preclinical research. To address this issue, we have developed a tool for the assessment of the clinical relevance of preclinical studies, with the intention of assessing the likelihood that therapeutic preclinical findings can be translated into improvement in the management of human diseases. METHODS: We searched the EQUATOR network for guidelines that describe the design, conduct, and reporting of preclinical research. We searched the references of these guidelines to identify further relevant publications and developed a set of domains and signalling questions. We then conducted a modified Delphi-consensus to refine and develop the tool. The Delphi panel members included specialists in evidence-based (preclinical) medicine specialists, methodologists, preclinical animal researchers, a veterinarian, and clinical researchers. A total of 20 Delphi-panel members completed the first round and 17 members from five countries completed all three rounds. RESULTS: This tool has eight domains (construct validity, external validity, risk of bias, experimental design and data analysis plan, reproducibility and replicability of methods and results in the same model, research integrity, and research transparency) and a total of 28 signalling questions and provides a framework for researchers, journal editors, grant funders, and regulatory authorities to assess the potential clinical relevance of preclinical animal research. CONCLUSION: We have developed a tool to assess the clinical relevance of preclinical studies. This tool is currently being piloted.

Increased expression of IGF-1Ec with increasing colonic polyp dysplasia and colorectal cancer.

PURPOSE: IGF-1Ec is an isoform of Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and has recently been identified to be overexpressed in cancers including prostate and neuroendocrine tumours. The aim of this paper is to investigate the expression of IGF-1Ec in colorectal cancer and polyps compared to normal colon tissues and its association with recurrent disease using semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry for IGF-1Ec expression was performed for colorectal cancer, colorectal polyps and normal colonic tissues. The quantification of IGF-1Ec expression was performed with the use of Image J software and the IHC profiler plugin. Following ethics approval from the National Research Ethics Service (Reference 11/LO/1521), clinical information including recurrent disease on follow-up was collected for patients with colorectal cancer. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry was performed in 16 patients with colorectal cancer and 11 patients with colonic polyps and compared to normal colon tissues and prostate adenocarcinoma (positive control) tissues. Significantly increased expression of IGF-1Ec was demonstrated in colorectal cancer (p < 0.001) and colorectal polyps (p < 0.05) compared to normal colonic tissues. Colonic adenomas with high-grade dysplasia had significantly higher expression of IGF-1Ec compared to low-grade dysplastic adenomas (p < 0.001). Colorectal cancers without lymph node metastases at the time of presentation had significantly higher IGF-1Ec expression compared to lymph node-positive disease (p < 0.05). No correlation with recurrent disease was identified with IGF-1Ec expression. CONCLUSION: IGF-1Ec is significantly overexpressed in colorectal cancer and polyps compared to normal colon tissues offering a potential target to improve colonoscopic identification of colorectal polyps and cancer and intraoperative identification of colorectal tumours.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts mediate cancer progression and remodel the tumouroid stroma.

BACKGROUND: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are highly differentiated and heterogeneous cancer-stromal cells that promote tumour growth, angiogenesis and matrix remodelling. METHODS: We utilised an adapted version of a previously developed 3D in vitro model of colorectal cancer, composed of a cancer mass and the surrounding stromal compartment. We compared cancer invasion with an acellular stromal surround, a "healthy" or normal cellular stroma and a cancerous stroma. For the cancerous stroma, we incorporated six patient-derived CAF samples to study their differential effects on cancer growth, vascular network formation and remodelling. RESULTS: CAFs enhanced the distance and surface area of the invasive cancer mass whilst inhibiting vascular-like network formation. These processes correlated with the upregulation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1) and fibulin-5 (FBLN5). Vascular remodelling of previously formed endothelial structures occurred through the disruption of complex networks, and was associated with the upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) and downregulation in vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-Cadherin). CONCLUSIONS: These results support, within a biomimetic 3D, in vitro framework, the direct role of CAFs in promoting cancer invasion, and their key function in driving vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.

Human airway-like multilayered tissue on 3D-TIPS printed thermoresponsive elastomer/collagen hybrid scaffolds.

Developing a biologically representative complex tissue of the respiratory airway is challenging, however, beneficial for treatment of respiratory diseases, a common medical condition representing a leading cause of death in the world. This in vitro study reports a successful development of synthetic human tracheobronchial epithelium based on interpenetrated hierarchical networks composed of a reversely 3D printed porous structure of a thermoresponsive stiffness-softening elastomer nanohybrid impregnated with collagen nanofibrous hydrogel. Human bronchial epithelial cells (hBEpiCs) were able to attach and grow into an epithelial monolayer on the hybrid scaffolds co-cultured with either human bronchial fibroblasts (hBFs) or human bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs), with substantial enhancement of mucin expression, ciliation, well-constructed intercellular tight junctions and adherens junctions. The multi-layered co-culture 3D scaffolds consisting of a top monolayer of differentiated epithelium, with either hBFs or hBM-MSCs proliferating within the hyperelastic nanohybrid scaffold underneath, created a tissue analogue of the upper respiratory tract, validating these 3D printed guided scaffolds as a platform to support co-culture and cellular organization. In particular, hBM-MSCs in the co-culture system promoted an overall matured physiological tissue analogue of the respiratory system, a promising synthetic tissue for drug discovery, tracheal repair and reconstruction. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Respiratory diseases are a common medical condition and represent a leading cause of death in the world. However, the epithelium is one of the most challenging tissues to culture in vitro, and suitable tracheobronchial models, physiologically representative of the innate airway, remain largely elusive. This study presents, for the first time, a systematic approach for the development of functional multilayered epithelial synthetic tissue in vitro via co-culture on a 3D-printed thermoresponsive elastomer interpenetrated with a collagen hydrogel network. The viscoelastic nature of the scaffold with stiffness softening at body temperature provide a promising matrix for soft tissue engineering. The results presented here provide new insights about the epithelium at different surfaces and interfaces of co-culture, and pave the way to offer a customizable reproducible technology to generate physiologically relevant 3D biomimetic systems to advance our understanding of airway tissue regeneration.

Radiosensitisation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Vandetanib.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in incidence worldwide and requires new approaches to therapy. The combination of anti-angiogenic drug therapy and radiotherapy is one promising new approach. The anti-angiogenic drug vandetanib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and RET proto-oncogene with radio-enhancement potential. To explore the benefit of combined vandetanib and radiotherapy treatment for HCC, we studied outcomes following combined treatment in pre-clinical models. METHODS: Vandetanib and radiation treatment were combined in HCC cell lines grown in vitro and in vivo. In addition to 2D migration and clonogenic assays, the combination was studied in 3D spheroids and a syngeneic mouse model of HCC. RESULTS: Vandetanib IC 50 s were measured in 20 cell lines and the drug was found to significantly enhance radiation cell kill and to inhibit both cell migration and invasion in vitro. In vivo, combination therapy significantly reduced cancer growth and improved overall survival, an effect that persisted for the duration of vandetanib treatment. CONCLUSION: In 2D and 3D studies in vitro and in a syngeneic model in vivo, the combination of vandetanib plus radiotherapy was more efficacious than either treatment alone. This new combination therapy for HCC merits evaluation in clinical trials.

Cancer cells grown in 3D under fluid flow exhibit an aggressive phenotype and reduced responsiveness to the anti-cancer treatment doxorubicin.

3D laboratory models of cancer are designed to recapitulate the biochemical and biophysical characteristics of the tumour microenvironment and aim to enable studies of cancer, and new therapeutic modalities, in a physiologically-relevant manner. We have developed an in vitro 3D model comprising a central high-density mass of breast cancer cells surrounded by collagen type-1 and we incorporated fluid flow and pressure. We noted significant changes in cancer cell behaviour using this system. MDA-MB231 and SKBR3 breast cancer cells grown in 3D downregulated the proliferative marker Ki67 (P < 0.05) and exhibited decreased response to the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (DOX) (P < 0.01). Mesenchymal markers snail and MMP14 were upregulated in cancer cells maintained in 3D (P < 0.001), cadherin-11 was downregulated (P < 0.001) and HER2 increased (P < 0.05). Cells maintained in 3D under fluid flow exhibited a further reduction in response to DOX (P < 0.05); HER2 and Ki67 levels were also attenuated. Fluid flow and pressure was associated with reduced cell viability and decreased expression levels of vimentin. In summary, aggressive cancer cell behaviour and reduced drug responsiveness was observed when breast cancer cells were maintained in 3D under fluid flow and pressure. These observations are relevant for future developments of 3D in vitro cancer models and organ-on-a-chip initiatives.

The anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor Pazopanib kills cancer cells and disrupts endothelial networks in biomimetic three-dimensional renal tumouroids.

Pazopanib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat renal cell carcinoma. Few in vitro studies investigate its effects towards cancer cells or endothelial cells in the presence of cancer. We tested the effect of Pazopanib on renal cell carcinoma cells (CAKI-2,786-O) in two-dimensional and three-dimensional tumouroids made of dense extracellular matrix, treated in normoxia and hypoxia. Finally, we engineered complex tumouroids with a stromal compartment containing fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Simple CAKI-2 tumouroids were more resistant to Pazopanib than 786-O tumouroids. Under hypoxia, while the more 'resistant' CAKI-2 tumouroids showed no decrease in viability, 786-O tumouroids required higher Pazopanib concentrations to induce cell death. In complex tumouroids, Pazopanib exposure led to a reduction in the overall cell viability (p < 0.0001), disruption of endothelial networks and direct killing of renal cell carcinoma cells. We report a biomimetic multicellular tumouroid for drug testing, suitable for agents whose primary target is not confined to cancer cells.

Synergy between Photodynamic Therapy and Dactinomycin Chemotherapy in 2D and 3D Ovarian Cancer Cell Cultures.

In this study we explored the efficacy of combining low dose photodynamic therapy using a porphyrin photosensitiser and dactinomycin, a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent. The studies were carried out on compressed collagen 3D constructs of two human ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV3 and HEY) versus their monolayer counterparts. An amphiphilc photosensitiser was employed, disulfonated tetraphenylporphine, which is not a substrate for ABC efflux transporters that can mediate drug resistance. The combination treatment was shown to be effective in both monolayer and 3D constructs of both cell lines, causing a significant and synergistic reduction in cell viability. Compared to dactinomycin alone or PDT alone, higher cell kill was found using 2D monolayer culture vs. 3D culture for the same doses. In 3D culture, the combination therapy resulted in 10 and 22 times higher cell kill in SKOV3 and HEY cells at the highest light dose compared to dactinomycin monotherapy, and 2.2 and 5.5 times higher cell kill than PDT alone. The combination of low dose PDT and dactinomycin appears to be a promising way to repurpose dactinomycin and widen its therapeutic applications.

Enhanced photodynamic therapy and fluorescence imaging using gold nanorods for porphyrin delivery in a novel in vitro squamous cell carcinoma 3D model.

Nanocomposites of gold nanorods (Au NRs) with the cationic porphyrin TMPyP (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1- methyl 4-pyridinio)porphyrin tetra(p-toluenesulfonate)) were investigated as a nanocarrier system for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and fluorescence imaging. To confer biocompatibility and facilitate the cellular uptake, the NRs were encapsulated with polyacrylic acid (PAA) and efficiently loaded with the cationic porphyrin by electrostatic interaction. The nanocomposites were tested with and without light exposure following incubation in 2D monolayer cultures and a 3D compressed collagen construct of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The results showed that Au NRs enhance the absorption and emission intensity of TMPyP and improve its photodynamic efficiency and fluorescence imaging capability in both 2D cultures and 3D cancer constructs. Au NRs are promising theranostic agents for delivery of photosensitisers for HNSCC treatment and imaging.

Lymphatic vessels in human adipose tissue.

Despite being considered present in most vascularised tissues, lymphatic vessels have not been properly shown in human adipose tissue (AT). Our goal in this study is to investigate an unanswered question in AT biology, regarding lymphatic network presence in tissue parenchyma. Using human subcutaneous (S-) and visceral (V-) AT samples with whole mount staining for lymphatic specific markers and three-dimensional imaging, we showed lymphatic capillaries and larger lymphatic vessels in the human VAT. Conversely, in the human SAT, microcirculatory lymphatic vascular structures were rarely detected and no initial lymphatics were found.

Acceptability and feasibility study of patient-specific 'tumouroids' as personalised treatment screening tools: Protocol for prospective tissue and data collection of participants with confirmed or suspected renal cell carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: 'Personalised medicine' aims to tailor interventions to the individual, and has become one of the fastest growing areas of cancer research. One of these approaches is to harvest cancer cells from patients and grow them in the laboratory, which can then be subjected to treatments and the response assessed. We have developed a 3D tumour model with a complex protein matrix that mimics the tumour stroma, cell to cell and cell-matrix interactions seen in vivo, called a tumouroid. In this study, we test the acceptability and feasibility of using this model to establish patient-derived tumouroids. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a first in-human study using prospective tissue and data collection of adult participants with confirmed or suspected renal cell carcinoma. The goals of the study are to assess patient acceptability to the use of patient-derived tumour models for future treatment decisions, and to assess the feasibility of generating patient-specific renal cancer tumouroids that can be challenged with drugs. These goals will be realised through the collection of tumour samples (expected n = 10), participant-completed questionnaires (expected n = 10), and in-depth semi-structured interviews with patients (expected n = 5). Collected multiregional tumour samples will be dissociated to isolate primary cells which are then expanded in vitro and incorporated into tumouroids. Drug challenge will ensue and the response will be categorised into "responder", "weak responder", and "non-responder". Statistical analysis will be descriptive. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study has ethical approval (REC reference 17/LO/1744). Findings will be made available to patients, clinicians, funders, and the National Health Service (NHS) through presentations at national and international meetings, peer-reviewed publications, social media and patient support groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03300102).

Mechano-growth Factor Expression in Colorectal Cancer Investigated With Fluorescent Gold Nanoparticles.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Fluorescent gold nanoparticles demonstrate strong photoluminescence, photostability, and low cellular toxicity, making them attractive agents for biomedical applications. Mechano-growth factor (MGF) is an isoform of IGF1 and its expression has been demonstrated in malignancies including prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Near-infrared-emitting gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized and conjugated to MGF. Following characterization and confirmation of conjugation, these AuNPs were used to investigate the expression of MGF in colon cancer cell lines (HT29 and SW620) and tissues comparing normal and colon cancer. The prostate cancer cell line PC3 and adenocarcinoma tissues were used as positive controls. RESULTS: Colon cancer cell lines, adenocarcinoma tissues and polyp tissues demonstrated evidence of MGF peptide expression, which was not found in normal colon tissues and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. CONCLUSION: MGF appears to be overexpressed in colon cancer tissues, offering a potential unique target for imaging and drug delivery in colon cancer.