ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Citation errors are common among nursing journals. But, there are no data regarding the factors that predispose to these errors. OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors that predispose to citation error in peer-reviewed nursing journals. METHODS: Five hundred and fifty references were selected randomly from articles published in eleven nursing journals for the year 1998. The incidences of major and minor citation errors were determined by comparing with the original articles. The relative odds of citation errors for the number of authors, collaborating institutions and the length of the reference list were calculated. The correlation between the scientific quality of the journal (by means of journal impact factor and immediacy index) and the incidence of citation error were also determined. RESULTS: The incidence of citation errors is comparable to those reported previously. Long reference lists in articles written by a single author predicted strongly the occurrence of minor citation errors. Journals with a high impact factor and immediacy index tend to contain fewer minor mistakes. None of these factors affect the incidence of major errors. CONCLUSION: Contributors to journals should be aware of the various risk factors for citation errors. Citation accuracy may be improved by modifying these factors.
Subject(s)
Bias , Bibliometrics , Nursing Research , Peer Review, Research/standards , Periodicals as Topic/statistics & numerical data , Periodicals as Topic/standards , Authorship , Bibliographies as Topic , Humans , Organizational Affiliation , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Successful colonization of Mansonia dives, the principal vector of subperiodic Brugia malayi was established in a field insectary. Mean egg clusters laid on Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Homalomena cordata and polystyrofoam strips were 12.0, 10.4, 9.5 and 13.7 respectively. However, the mean number of first instar larvae hatched from each egg cluster laid by females on the three plant substrates (range 51.1 to 58.6) was higher than that laid on the polystyrofoam strips (41.8). There were no significant differences in the success pupation and adult emergence rates among the three host plants used as attachment substrates. Adult emergence occurred at a mean of 10.8 days. The first adult emergence was observed at the 25th day after hatching and continued till the 50th day. The 50% mortality rates for the adults were estimated as 8 days for the males and 14 days for the females. The mean gonotrophic cycle ranged from 3.8 to 4.3 days with a mean of 4.04 days. 63.6% of Ma. dives females oviposited in a medium of rat dung and water. The mean incubation period of eggs ranged from 5.2 to 6.5 days with a mean of 5.7 days. The biology of Ma. dives and Ma. bonneae is briefly compared.
Subject(s)
Breeding/methods , Culicidae/growth & development , Insect Vectors/growth & development , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Brugia , Culicidae/physiology , Elephantiasis, Filarial/transmission , Female , Insect Vectors/physiology , Larva , Malaysia , Male , Oviposition , Parasite Egg Count , Plants , PupaABSTRACT
The resistant level of the houseflies to the seven kinds of insecticides, Malathion, Sumithion, Baytex, Diazinon, DDVP, DDT and Chrysron, was examined on the 3 strains collected in Singapore. It was found that most housefly colonies in Singapore showed a higher susceptibility to those insecticides than that of the Takatsuki strain of Japan, especially to DDT. However, the resistant level to Malathion was remarkably higher than that of the Takatsuki strain. The synergists, piperonyl butoxide, Safroxane and S-421, mixed with Malathion were effective for lowering the resistant level of the Malathion-resistant strain.
Subject(s)
Houseflies , Insecticides , Malathion , Pesticide Synergists/pharmacology , Animals , DDT , Diazinon , Dichlorvos , Dioxoles , Ethers , Female , Fenitrothion , Fenthion , Insecticide Resistance , Pyrethrins , SingaporeABSTRACT
A revolutionary, autocidal ovitrap has been developed as a promising weapon for the control and possible eradication of Ae, aegypti, the principal vector of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), in urban high DHF endemic areas. A study carried out with this trap in a highly endemic area for DHF in Singapore city, namely the Rochor area, has shown this trap to be superior to all other domestic habitats in attractiveness to ovipositing Ae. aegypti females.
