Spontaneous drying of non-polar deep-cavity cavitand pockets in aqueous solution.

There are many open questions regarding the hydration of solvent-exposed non-polar tracts and pockets in proteins. Although water is predicted to de-wet purely repulsive surfaces and evacuate crevices, the extent of de-wetting is unclear when ubiquitous van der Waals interactions are in play. The structural simplicity of synthetic supramolecular hosts imbues them with considerable potential to address this issue. To this end, here we detail a combination of densimetry and molecular dynamics simulations of three cavitands, coupled with calorimetric studies of their complexes with short-chain carboxylates. Our results reveal the range of wettability possible within the ostensibly identical cavitand pockets-which differ only in the presence and/or position of the methyl groups that encircle the portal to their non-polar pockets. The results demonstrate the ability of macrocycles to template water cavitation within their binding sites and show how the orientation of methyl groups can trigger the drying of non-polar pockets in liquid water, which suggests new avenues to control guest complexation.

Micelle Structure and Hydrophobic Hydration.

Despite the ubiquity and utility of micelles self-assembled from aqueous surfactants, longstanding questions remain regarding their surface structure and interior hydration. Here we combine Raman spectroscopy with multivariate curve resolution (Raman-MCR) to probe the hydrophobic hydration of surfactants with various aliphatic chain lengths, and either anionic (carboxylate) or cationic (trimethylammonium) head groups, both below and above the critical micelle concentration. Our results reveal significant penetration of water into micelle interiors, well beyond the first few carbons adjacent to the headgroup. Moreover, the vibrational C-D frequency shifts of solubilized deuterated n-hexane confirm that it resides in a dry, oil-like environment (while the localization of solubilized benzene is sensitive to headgroup charge). Our findings imply that the hydrophobic core of a micelle is surrounded by a highly corrugated surface containing hydrated non-polar cavities whose depth increases with increasing surfactant chain length, thus bearing a greater resemblance to soluble proteins than previously recognized.