ABSTRACT
Deep-blue multi-resonance (MR) emitters with stable and narrow full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) are of great importance for widening the color gamut of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, most planar MR emitters are vulnerable to intermolecular interactions from both the host and guest, causing spectral broadening and exciton quenching in thin films. Their emission in the solid state is environmentally sensitive, and the color purity is often inferior to that in solutions. Herein, a molecular design strategy is presented that simultaneously narrows the FWHM and suppresses intermolecular interactions by combining intramolecular locking and peripheral shielding within a carbonyl/nitrogen-based MR core. Intramolecularly locking carbonyl/nitrogen-based bears narrower emission of 2,10-dimethyl-12,12-diphenyl-4H-benzo[9,1]quinolizino[3,4,5,6,7-defg]acridine-4,8(12H)-dione in solution and further with peripheral-shielding groups, deep-blue emitter (12,12-diphenyl-2,10-bis(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-yl)-4H-benzo[9,1]quinolizino[3,4,5,6,7-defg]acridine-4,8(12H)-dione, DPQAO-F) exhibits ultra-pure emission with narrow FWHM (c.a., 24 nm) with minimal variations (∆FWHM ≤ 3 nm) from solution to thin films over a wide doping range. An OLED based on DPQAO-F presents a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 19.9% and color index of (0.134, 0.118). Furthermore, the hyper-device of DPQAO-F exhibits a record-high EQEmax of 32.7% in the deep-blue region, representing the first example of carbonyl/nitrogen-based OLED that can concurrently achieve narrow bandwidth in the deep-blue region and a high electroluminescent efficiency surpassing 30%.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical effects of minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis(MIPPO) and open reduction and internal fixation under arthroscopy for the treatment of low energy tibial plateau fracture with ligament injury. METHODS: From March 2016 to March 2017, 60 tibial plateau fracture patients with ligament injury were divided into A and B groups according to random number table. In group A, there were 30 patients including 14 males and 16 females aged from 30 to 63 years old with an average of (47.25±5.36) years old; 8 patients were classified type I, 12 patients were typeII and 10 patients type III; treated by MIPPO under arthroscopy. In group B, there were 30 patients including 16 males and 14 females aged from 32 to 60 years old with an average of (43.39±4.62) years old; 10 patients were classified to type I, 11 patients were type I and 9 patients type III; treated by open reduction and internal fixation. Imaging data, length of incision, postoperative volume of drainage, intraoperative blood loss, complications, postoperative activity time and hospital stays were observed and compared. Postoperative HSS score at 18 months was used to compare recovery of knee joint function. RESULTS: Sixty patients were followed up for 12 to 24 months with average of 18 months. There were no statistical differences in tilt angle of the tibial plateau (TPA), posterior angle of tibial plateau (PA) and femoro tibial angle (FTA) between two groups at 3 days and 12 months after operation. There was no significance in width of internal joint apace before operation, while group B(6.59±0.71) mm was bigger than group A (4.25±0.65) mm after operation at 12 months. Two patients in group A occurred complications and 6 patients in group B occurred complications, and had differences between two groups(P<0.05). Length of incision, hospital stays, postoperative volume of drainage, intraoperative blood loss and postoperative activity time in group A were(5.17±1.89) cm, (2.14±0.65) weeks, (30.02±3.15) ml, (62.63±9.58) ml, (3.16±1.87)d, respectively; while in group B were(16.25±3.47) cm, (4.57±1.09) weeks, (63.75±9.84) ml, (145.89±12.61) ml, (7.86±2.14) d, respectively; and had statistical differences between two groups(P<0.05). HSS score in group A (87.68±7.39) was higher than that of in group B(69.42±5.13) at 18 months after operation (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both of MIPPO and open reduction and internal fixation under arthroscopy for low energy tibial plateau fracture with ligament injury could provide stable fixation. Open reduction and internal fixation has advantages of simple operation, but had seriously-injured, MIPPO has advantages of less trauma, good recovery of joint function, less complications and could deal with ligament and meniscus injury.
