[Interpretation of Detection of Intestinal Helminthes-The Kato-Katz Method (WS/T 570-2017)].

The criteria for the Kato-Katz thick smear are compiled following the Management Measures for Health Criteria and GBT 1.1-2009 Standardization Working Guidelines. The criteria are composed of five chapters, including the range of application, terms and definitions, equipments, reagent materials, and testing procedures. Three informative appendices (identification of helminth eggs in human faeces, counting method of eggs in Kato-Katz thick smear, and other considerations) are appended. The criteria have been issued by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, it provides a technical reference for the detection of helminth eggs in human faeces in medical institutions and disease prevention and control institutions.

Interpretation of Detection of Intestinal Helminthes—The Kato-Katz Method (WS/T 570–2017) / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

The criteria for the Kato-Katz thick smear are compiled following the Management Measures for Health Criteria and GBT 1.1–2009 Standardization Working Guidelines. The criteria are composed of five chapters, including the range of application, terms and definitions, equipments, reagent materials, and testing procedures. Three informative appendices (identification of helminth eggs in human faeces, counting method of eggs in Kato-Katz thick smear, and other considerations) are appended. The criteria have been issued by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China, it provides a technical reference for the detection of helminth eggs in human faeces in medical institutions and disease prevention and control institutions.

Interpretation of Detection of Intestinal Helminthes—The Kato-Katz Method (WS/T 570–2017) / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

The criteria for the Kato-Katz thick smear are compiled following the Management Measures for Health Criteria and GBT 1.1–2009 Standardization Working Guidelines. The criteria are composed of five chapters, including the range of application, terms and definitions, equipments, reagent materials, and testing procedures. Three informative appendices (identification of helminth eggs in human faeces, counting method of eggs in Kato-Katz thick smear, and other considerations) are appended. The criteria have been issued by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China, it provides a technical reference for the detection of helminth eggs in human faeces in medical institutions and disease prevention and control institutions.

[Interpretation of Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis].

Clonorchis sinensis infection is carcinogenic to human, which results in cholangiocarcinoma, confirmed by the World Health Organization. An investigation in 2005 indicated that the standardized C. sinensis infection rate was 0.58%, with 12 490 000 infected people estimated in the clonorchiasis endemic areas in China. In the world, 80% of C. sinensis infected people were distributed in China. Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis (WS309-2009) was compiled by the ex-Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and it was issued and implemented in March 13, 2009. The Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis is composed of six chapters, including the Range of Application, Terms and Definitions, Diagnostic Basis, Diagnostic Principle, Diagnostic Standard, and Differential Diagnosis. Three informative appendices (etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; differential diagnosis) and one normative appendix (laboratory examination) are appended. The Criteria provides the technical reference for diagnosis of clonorchiasis in medical institutions and disease control institutions. Combined with the current epidemic situation of clonorchiasis in China, this paper interprets the main contents of the Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis (WS309-2009), so as to promote its learning and implementing.

Analysis of the results of two nationwide surveys on Clonorchis sinensis infection in China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine Clonorchis sinensis infection in China and evaluate the effectiveness of efforts to prevent and control it, two nationwide surveys were undertaken in 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities (PAMs) during 1988-92 (the 1990 survey) and during 2001-04 (the 2003 survey).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>During the period 2001-04, two sampling methods were applied. The first method repeated the stratified cluster random sampling used in the 1990 survey; the second method applied two-characteristic stratified cluster random sampling in 27 PAMs-the 2003 endemic area (EA) survey. The Kato-Katz thick smear method was used for the nationwide survey.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The infection rates of Clonorchis sinensis in the 1990 and 2003 surveys were 0.311% and 0.579%, respectively. The infection rate was 2.40% in the 2003 EA survey, and it was estimated that 12.49 million people in China were infected with Clonorchis sinensis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The 2003 survey showed that the standardized infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis increased by 74.85% compared with the 1990 survey. The infection rate in males was higher than in females; the infection rate among people eating raw fish or eating out frequently was higher than among those who did not.</p>

[Effect of control on infections of soil-transmitted helminthes in demonstration plots of China for 3 years].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the control strategies so as to provide the demonstration for controlling the infection of soil-transmitted helminthes (STH). METHODS: The program applied the strategies of health education intervention first, control of infection sources as the second, and carried out the treatment for the target people depending on their prevalence. Infection rates of STH, the awareness of relevant hygiene knowledge, practice in hygiene way, the usage of harmless toilets and safe water were compared with the baseline. RESULTS: A total of 2 808 141 rural people in 10 demonstration zones were covered by this program. From 2007 to 2009, the health education was conducted to 4 227 900 person-times; 259 638 harmless toilets were built; 790 673 people benefited from the safe water supply; and the treatment was given to 6 432 700 person-times. An assessment for the program in 2009 showed that 95.92% of the target people gained the relevant hygiene knowledge, 98.78% practiced in hygiene way in their daily life, which increased by 112.31% and 72.15%, respectively when comparing with those in 2006; 56.43% people used harmless toilets, which increased by 54.35%; 71.55% benefited from safe water supply, which increased by 37.20%. The average infection rate of STH was 7.75%, which reduced by 78.39%. CONCLUSIONS: The strategies applying health education combined with the control of infectious sources meet the needs of rural people in China. The establishment of demonstration zones is effective in controlling parasitic diseases.

[Prevention and treatment of ascariasis in demonstration plots of integrated control from 2006 to 2009].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the situation of Ascaris lumbricoides infection in the demonstration plots and evaluate the effect of integrated intervention measures. METHODS: The integrated intervention measures included health education, mass chemotherapy, safe water and sanitary toilets. The changes of infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides in residents were observed before and after the intervention. RESULTS: With the 3-year's intervention, the Ascaris lumbricoides infection rates decreased from 17.81% to 2.52%, the rate of mass chemotherapy was 81.65%, which covered more than 6.2 million person-time, the awareness rates of parasitic disease control knowledge among the residents raised from 45.11% to 95.99%, and 84.09% of local people were supplied with safe water and 50.30% of families had sanitary toilets. CONCLUSION: The Ascaris lumbricoides infection rate decreases dramatically through the 3-year's intervention.

[Cost-effectiveness analysis of integrated control strategy of parasitic diseases in demonstration plots].

OBJECTIVE: To study the cost-effectiveness of different deworming schemes in demonstration plots of integrated control of parasitic diseases. METHODS: The cost-effectiveness was analyzed between mass drug administration and drug administration to focal population according to the different infection rates of parasites. RESULTS: In the demonstration plots of soil-born nematodes control, the costs for reducing one infected case and the cost for reducing 1% infection rate per ten thousand people in mass drug administration groups (Group 1 and Group 2) and drug administration to focal population were 20.73, 14.42 Yuan and 14.33 Yuan, and 1 700.49, 1 503.19 Yuan and 145.41 Yuan, respectively. In the demonstration plots of control of clonorchiasis sinensis, the costs for reducing one infected case and the cost for reducing 1% infection rate per ten thousand people in mass drug administration group and drug administration to focal population were 31.03 Yuan and 37.01 Yuan, and 3 115.10 Yuan and 3841.38 Yuan, respectively. The multiple effectiveness indexes for control of soil-transmitted nematodes in the mass drug administration groups (Group 1 and Group 2) and drug administration to focal population were 76.72, 80.27 and 97.64, respectively. The multiple effectiveness indexes for control of clonorchiasis sinensis in the mass drug administration group and the drug administration to focal population group were 112.93 and 65.49, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We should choose the deworming schemes not only to get a great reduction of human parasite infection rate and a rapid effective reduction of the source of infection, but also to make a full use of the limited funds on target population.

[Application and evaluation on five health education patterns of integrated control for parasitic diseases].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the strategy of health education in demonstration plots for controlling the infections of soil-transmitted helminthes (STH) and Clonorchis sinensis. METHODS: Health education patterns including "raining", "irrigating", "spraying", "spring", "drop irrigating" patterns were conducted in demonstration zones. Before and after the health education, the questionnaire designed referring to the standard of KAP was carried out in residents and students. The infection rates of parasitic diseases were compared. RESULTS: From 2007 to 2009, the health education was conducted to 5 042 900 person-times in 10 demonstration plots. The awareness rate of relevant hygiene knowledge was 95.99%, and the rate of hygiene way in their daily life was 98.79% in 2009, which increased by 112.80% and 78.78% respectively when comparing with those in 2007. The average infection rate of STH was 7.75%, reduced by 78.39%; and the average infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis was 6.99%, reduced by 83.13%. CONCLUSIONS: The strategy of health education in demonstration plots can raise public awareness of relevant hygiene knowledge and improve the practice in hygiene way. The behavior change can lead to the reduction of re-infection of parasitic diseases.

Current status of soil-transmitted nematode infection in China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To carry out national surveys for ascertaining the current status and trends of soil-transmitted nematode infections in China, providing scientific basis for further developing control strategies.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In 1988-1992 (hereinafter abbreriated as "survey in 1990"), a stratified cluster random sampling method was used in the survey. In 2001-2004 (hereinafter abbreriated as "survey in 2003"), in order to compare with the survey in 1990, two-characteristic stratified cluster random sampling method was used and 687 investigation spots were sampled from the 2848 spots selected in the survey in 1990. Kato-Katz thick smear method was used to examine the eggs of soil-transmitted nematodes in fecal samples.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence rates were 53.6% and 19.6% for soil-transmitted nematodes, 14.6% and 6.120% for hookworms, 44.6% and 12.7% for Ascaris lumbricoides, 17.4% and 4.630% for Trichuris trichiura in survey 1990 and survey 2003, respectively. The prevalence rates of soil-transmitted nematodes were higher in 13 provinces than the average level in China in the survey in 1990, and higher in 8 provinces than the average level in the survey in 2003. The prevalence of hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and the overall prevalence of soil-transmitted nematodes were higher in females than in males. It is estimated from the results of survey in 2003 that the number of persons with soil-transmitted nematode infections in the country is about 129 million, less than that in the survey in 1990.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of soil-transmitted nematodes has declined considerably but is still relatively high in some provinces and autonomous regions. Control activities and socioeconomic development may have contributed to the decreased prevalence.</p>

Study on the mixed testing of serum samples in seroepidemiological survey of parasitic diseases / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>In order to accumulate experiences for improving the efficiency in serological tests, the present study on mixed testing of serum samples was performed by taking the serological test of trichinellosis and toxoplasmosis as the examples, and had proved the effects on cost-effectiveness of seroepidemiological survey of parasitic disease with method of mixed-samples test.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>According to the binomial distribution principle, to develop an approach to the feasibility of mixed testing of serum samples, and to work on a cost-effectiveness analysis of one-by-one testing and mixed testing using hygienic economic analysis method was performed. For serological test of trichinellosis and toxoplasmosis, 3 kinds of mixed testing methods, namely 3 serum sample mixture, 5 serum sample mixture and 10 serum sample mixture, were performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results showed that all the 3 kinds of mixed tests of trichinellosis and toxoplasmosis showing positive result if only 1 weak positive serum sample were mixed with. When the serum samples being mixed were all negative ones, then among the 24 groups tested with each kind of negative serum sample mixture of trichinellosis (3 serum samples, 5 serum samples and 10 serum samples), they all showed negative. However, among the 12 groups tested with 2 kinds of negative serum mixture of toxoplasmosis (3 serum samples and 5 serum samples), all showed negative while among the 18 groups tested with the 10 serum sample mixture, 16 groups showed negative and 2 were positive. The mixed testing of trichinellosis and toxoplasmosis showed that the efficiency of mixed testing was related to the serological positive rate of the parasitic diseases to be examined. When serological positive rate was 10%, the efficiency of mixed testing was higher in 4 serum sample group. When serological positive rate was 1%, the efficiency of mixed testing was higher in 10 serum sample group and when serological positive rate was 0.1%, the in crease of the size of mixed serum samples could decrease the number of testing, but the prerequisite was that there must be one positive sample, so that the positivity for all the mixed tests could be detected. If mixed testing were performed on all negative samples, no positivity could be detected.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The result of cost-effectiveness analysis demonstrated that for seroepidemiological survey of parasitic diseases, the cost for mixed testing was low, especially when the serological positive rate was expected low (< or = 1%, thus the mixed testing could save a large amount of the cost.</p>