ABSTRACT
Droplet microfluidics has become a powerful tool in precision medicine, green biotechnology, and cell therapy for single-cell analysis and selection by virtue of its ability to effectively confine cells. However, there remains a fundamental trade-off between droplet volume and sorting throughput, limiting the advantages of droplet microfluidics to small droplets (<10 pl) that are incompatible with long-term maintenance and growth of most cells. We present a sequentially addressable dielectrophoretic array (SADA) sorter to overcome this problem. The SADA sorter uses an on-chip array of electrodes activated and deactivated in a sequence synchronized to the speed and position of a passing target droplet to deliver an accumulated dielectrophoretic force and gently pull it in the direction of sorting in a high-speed flow. We use it to demonstrate large-droplet sorting with ~20-fold higher throughputs than conventional techniques and apply it to long-term single-cell analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on their growth rate.
Subject(s)
Microfluidics , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Electrodes , Microfluidics/methodsABSTRACT
Platelet activating factor (PAF) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) are two vasoactive mediators which can decrease renal blood flow. Both are synthesized by various intrarenal cell types or by macrophages which may infiltrate the kidney during unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). In several experimental systems, PAF receptor activation is accompanied by TxA2 release; pharmacological modification of TxA2 synthesis or receptor activation modulates the response to PAF. The involvement of PAF in UUO has not been studied previously, and the role of TxA2 has not been clearly defined by previous investigations. The hemodynamic response to acute UUO is characterized by decreases in renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate and an acute increase in ureteral pressure. In the present experiments, the involvement of either PAF or TxA2 in the acute response to UUO was studied by determining if blockade of either the TxA2 or PAF receptor would affect the renal hemodynamic response to UUO. In addition, the effect of blockade of the TxA2 receptor on the renal response to PAF was determined. Our results indicate that only a small portion of the renal response to PAF is mediated by TxA2, and that neither PAF nor TxA2 can be implicated in the acute hemodynamic response to UUO. TxA2 or PAF involvement in the chronic response to UUO still remains to be determined.
Subject(s)
Platelet Activating Factor/physiology , Renal Circulation , Thromboxane A2/physiology , Ureteral Obstruction/physiopathology , Animals , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic , Dogs , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated , Female , Hydrazines/pharmacology , Platelet Activating Factor/antagonists & inhibitors , Pressure , Prostaglandin Endoperoxides, Synthetic/pharmacology , Quinolinium Compounds/pharmacology , Receptors, Prostaglandin/drug effects , Receptors, Thromboxane , Renal Circulation/drug effects , Thromboxane A2/antagonists & inhibitors , Ureter/physiopathology , Vascular Resistance/drug effects , Vasoconstriction/drug effectsABSTRACT
A marked decrease in renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was found after 24, 48 and 72 hours of total unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in the rabbit. Contralateral GFR showed a modest increase consistent with compensatory hypertrophy. The urinary excretion of thromboxane B2 (TxB2), the stable metabolite of the vasoconstrictor prostaglandin, thromboxane A2 (TxA2) was significantly elevated in the urine obtained following release of the obstructed ureter when compared to the TxB2 level in the urine from the contralateral kidney. Continuous infusion of OKY-046 at 100 micrograms./kg./min. over 24 hours during UUO decreased TxB2 excretion by greater than 80 per cent. However there was no significant preservation of RBF or GFR of the obstructed kidney following ureteral release despite the selective inhibition of TxA2. Moreover the increase in contralateral GFR was also abolished. Taken together with other studies these results strongly suggest that the potent vasoconstrictor TxA2 is not responsible for the rise in renal resistance that follows acute UUO.
Subject(s)
Acrylates/pharmacology , Kidney/drug effects , Methacrylates/pharmacology , Thromboxane-A Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors , Ureteral Obstruction/physiopathology , Animals , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Kidney/physiopathology , Male , Rabbits , Renal Circulation , Thromboxane B2/urine , Time Factors , Vascular Resistance/drug effectsABSTRACT
The effect of the thromboxane synthetase inhibitor OKY-046 on renal blood flow and ureteral pressure in awake dogs during 18 hours of complete unilateral ureteral obstruction was studied. OKY-046 was infused continuously throughout the period of obstruction and post-release. Renal blood flow and ureteral pressure were constantly monitored during the study. Urinary thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 excretion served as markers for inhibition of renal thromboxane A2 synthesis. The triphasic relationship between ipsilateral renal blood flow and ureteral pressure previously found following unilateral ureteral obstruction was observed despite OKY-046 infusion. Inhibition of ipsilateral urinary thromboxane B2 excretion was greater than 90% compared to control while ipsilateral urinary prostaglandin E2 excretion was not consistently decreased showing specific thromboxane inhibition. These results suggest that urinary thromboxane B2 may serve as a useful marker for determining the effects of inhibition on renal thromboxane A2 production. At the level of inhibition of thromboxane synthesis achieved we did not observe any change in the late decrease in renal blood flow which is typically seen with chronic unilateral ureteral obstruction.
