ABSTRACT
Every activity that involves exploitation of natural resources, such as fishing, needs to be organized and conducted based on information from monitoring programs to allow continuous evaluation. With the increasing fishing pressure in Brazil, the understanding of the importance of fisheries monitoring programs and how they can inform and assist in conservation decision-making remains limited. Based on the literature on fisheries and participatory conservation, we call attention to the need to generate information on the national fisheries sector in order to improve fisheries in the country. Given the context of the need to generate information on fishing stocks under exploitation, as well as to identify potential alternative fisheries and carry out various sectoral analyses in compliance with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, we present and discuss in the present paper the lack of a system of continuous fishing monitoring in Brazil and its effects on the fisheries sustainability in the country.
Toda atividade que atua envolvendo a exploração de recursos naturais, como a pesca, precisa ser organizada e conduzida com base nas informações dos programas de monitoramento para permitir uma avaliação contínua. Com o aumento da pressão pesqueira no Brasil, o entendimento da importância dos programas de monitoramento da pesca e como eles podem informar e auxiliar na tomada de decisões de conservação permanece limitado. Com base na literatura sobre pesca e conservação participativa, chamamos a atenção para a necessidade de gerar informações sobre o setor pesqueiro nacional para melhorar a pesca no país. Dado o contexto da necessidade de gerar informações sobre os estoques pesqueiros em exploração, bem como identificar potenciais alternativas de pesca e realizar diversas análises setoriais em conformidade com a Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, é apresentada e discutida no presente trabalho a falta de um sistema de monitoramento contínuo da pesca no Brasil e seus efeitos na sustentabilidade da pesca no país.
ABSTRACT
Estuarine environments gather pollution from large regions including urban and industrial zones. The monitoring of environmental quality in these areas constitutes a real requirement for global sustainable development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the physicochemical and kinetic parameters of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the species Centropomus undecimalis, Diapterus auratus and Diapterus rhombeus and to assess the effects (in vitro) of pesticides and metal ions on their respective activities in order to investigate them as potential biomarkers. Physicochemical properties such as thermostability, optimal pH and temperature, as well as kinetic parameters were investigated. AChE was pointed as the predominant cholinesterase (ChE) in the brains of the species under study. The highest optimum pH value was observed for C. undecimalis (8.0), and the lowest for D. rhombeus and D. auratus, with 7.2 and 7.0, respectively. The optimal temperature was 35⯰C for the three species. The AChEs of the three species presented moderate thermostability, since they retained 61%, 72% and 67% of the activity up to 45⯰C (C. undecimalis, D. auratus and D. rhombeus, respectively). The carbamate carbofuran showed to be the strongest inhibitor even at very low concentrations (IC50: 0.182, 0.174 and 0.203⯵mol/L - C. undecimalis, D. auratus and D. rhombeus, respectively), followed by dichlorvos and carbaryl. According to the findings, the AChE of these species may be proposed as in vitro biomarker of exposure to carbofuran and dichlorvos (all three species) and carbaryl (D. auratus and D. Rhombeus), as well as for exceeding limit concentrations of Hg2+ (D. rhombeus) and As3+ (D. auratus) in biomonitoring programs located or not at estuarine environments.