ABSTRACT
Different formulations of trivalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine were tested, in order to obtain better thermostability, reduce corrosion of machinery and improve production costs. Magnesium chloride, sucrose, arginine and 199-Hank's medium were used in the formulations. The most appropriate formulation was a mixture of MgCl2 and arginine, which was highly thermostable, and had low production costs. The low corrosive formulation was rejected, due to low thermostability on storage
Subject(s)
Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/chemistry , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Drug Stability , Regression Analysis , TemperatureABSTRACT
Different formulations of Trivalent Oral Poliomyelitis Vaccine were tested, in order to obtain better thermostability, reduce corrosion of machinery and improve production costs. Magnesium chloride, sucrose, arginine and 199-Hank's medium were used in the formulations. The most appropriate formulation was a mixture of MgCl2 and arginine, which was highly thermostable, and had low production costs.
Subject(s)
Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/chemistry , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Drug Stability , Regression Analysis , TemperatureABSTRACT
A serological and parasitological survey of dogs was done in four slum areas on the outskirts of Lisbon and a rural area west of Setúbal. The serological test was the IFAT. The total number of dogs examined was 572 which 55 (9,6%) had titre greater than or equal to 1/128, 10 of these dogs were among 182 (5,5%) in the urban areas and 45 were in the sample of 390 dogs (11,5%) in the rural area. 23 dogs with titres of greater than or equal to 1/128 were examined parasitologically. The methods were the examination of tissue from popliteal lymph nodes (by direct examination and the inoculation of NNN cultures and hamsters), the direct examination of stained smears from sores and the direct examination of stained smears of healthy skin. Parasites were demonstrated in 15 (65,2%) of the 23 dogs. 14 dogs with high titres were followed up by a second IFAT. 5 had become higher, 5 had remained the same and, in 4, the titres had fallen. The results of the survey suggest that canine leishmaniasis is more common in the rural area than in the urban sites. The disease in man in the focus studied appears to be accidental and, paradoxically likely to be acquired rather in the town than in the villages. The reason is probably related to zoophilic preference of vector, and the fact that the population in rural areas is widely dispersed.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Animals , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dogs , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Health Surveys , Humans , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Portugal , Rural Health , Suburban PopulationABSTRACT
Kala-azar is now increasing in Portugal where it has been known since 1910. The natural region studied is made up of the western basins of the Tejo and Sado rivers with their important estuaries and the area south of Lisbon. The climate and vegetation are mainly of the mediterranean type. Kala-azar has always been endemic in the sub-region southwest of Lisbon (45 cases from 1961 to 1978). In the Setubal peninsula the disease has always had a low incidence (10 cases from 1961 to 1978). The Alcácer do Sal subregion was, in the past, the second most active endemic zones in the country although after 1950 there was a sudden fall in prevalence (only two cases reported from 1961 to 1978). In this natural region foxes (Vulpes vulpes silacea Miller, 1907) are abundant. One-hundred and ninety-eight foxes, mostly from the Alcácer do Sal region, were killed and studied using direct examination of spleen and liver, culture in NNN of spleen and bone-marrow, hamster inoculation of spleen and IFAT of serum. All the examinations were negative for Leishmania, while Hepatozoon was found in 40.6% of the foxes and filaria in 11.9%. In spite of some shortcomings of the study methods it is suggested that they may not be an autonomous sylvatic cycle of kala-azar. The negativity of the results, lack of any sporadic cases in rural people and absence of the characteristics of a natural reservoir in the foxes, all seem to point to such a conclusion.
