Synthesis of new lophine-carbohydrate hybrids as cholinesterase inhibitors: cytotoxicity evaluation and molecular modeling.

In this study, we synthesized nine novel hybrids derived from d-xylose, d-ribose, and d-galactose sugars connected by a methylene chain with lophine. The compounds were synthesized by a four-component reaction to afford the substituted imidazole moiety, followed by the displacement reaction between sugar derivatives with an appropriate N-alkylamino-lophine. All the compounds were found to be the potent and selective inhibitors of BuChE activity in mouse serum, with compound 9a (a d-galactose derivative) being the most potent inhibitor (IC50 = 0.17 µM). According to the molecular modeling results, all the compounds indicated that the lophine moiety existed at the bottom of the BuChE cavity and formed a T-stacking interaction with Trp231, a residue accessible exclusively in the BuChE cavity. Noteworthily, only one compound exhibited activity against AChE (8b; IC50 = 2.75 µM). Moreover, the in silico ADME predictions indicated that all the hybrids formulated in this study were drug-likely, orally available, and able to reach the CNS. Further, in vitro studies demonstrated that the two most potent compounds against BuChE (8b and 9a) had no cytotoxic effects in the Vero (kidney), HepG2 (hepatic), and C6 (astroglial) cell lines.

Design, synthesis, cholinesterase inhibition and molecular modelling study of novel tacrine hybrids with carbohydrate derivatives.

A series of hybrids containing tacrine linked to carbohydrate-based moieties, such as d-xylose, d-ribose, and d-galactose derivatives, were synthesized by the nucleophilic substitution between 9-aminoalkylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridines and the corresponding sugar-based tosylates. All compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in the nanomolar IC50 scale. Most of the d-xylose derivatives (6a-e) were selective for AChE and the compound 6e (IC50 = 2.2 nM for AChE and 4.93 nM for BuChE) was the most active compound for both enzymes. The d-galactose derivative 8a was the most selective for AChE exhibiting an IC50 ratio of 7.6 for AChE over BuChE. Only two compounds showed a preference for BuChE, namely 7a (d-ribose derivative) and 6b (d-xylose derivative). Molecular docking studies indicated that the inhibitors are capable of interacting with the entire binding cavity and the main contribution of the linker is to enable the most favorable positioning of the two moieties with CAS, PAS, and hydrophobic pocket to provide optimal interactions with the binding cavity. This finding is reinforced by the fact that there is no linear correlation between the linker size and the observed binding affinities. The majority of the new hybrids synthesized in this work do not violate the Lipinski's rule-of-five according to FAF-Drugs4, and do not demonstrated predicted hepatotoxicity according ProTox-II.

Novel series of tacrine-tianeptine hybrids: Synthesis, cholinesterase inhibitory activity, S100B secretion and a molecular modeling approach.

Tianeptine was linked to various 9-aminoalkylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridines using EDC·HCl/HOBt to afford a series of tacrine-tianeptine hybrids. The hybrids were tested for their ability to inhibit AChE and BuChE and IC50 values in the nanomolar concentration scale were obtained. AChE molecular modeling studies of these hybrids indicated that tacrine moiety interacts in the bottom of the gorge with the catalytic active site (CAS) while tianeptine binds to peripheral anionic site (PAS). Furthermore, the compounds 2g and 2e were able to reduce the in vitro basal secretion of S100B, suggesting its therapeutic action in some cases or stages of Alzheimer's disease.

Synthesis of tacrine-lophine hybrids via one-pot four component reaction and biological evaluation as acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors.

A novel series of tacrine-lophine hybrids was synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) with IC50 in the nanomolar concentration scale. The key step is the one-pot four component condensation reaction of 9-aminoalkylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridines, benzil, different substituted aromatic aldehydes and NH4OAc, using InCl3 as the best catalyst. Tacrine-lophine hybrids were found to be potent and selective inhibitors of cholinesterases. As an extension of the four component approach to tetrasubstituted imidazoles, a new series of bis-(2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazoles) or bis(n)-lophines was tested against AChE and BuChE.