Incidence of dementia in a population cohort of older people from São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence of dementia in a community-dwelling older population from São Paulo city, Brazil. METHODS/DESIGN: This two-phase prospective cohort study evaluated a representative cluster sample of 1370 individuals aged 60 years old and over from three different socioeconomic levels. The community screening phase consisted of a tested combination of cognitive and functional tests administered among the subjects and informants. In the hospital diagnosis phase, the Cambridge Examination was performed; the diagnosis of dementia and dementia subtypes was made according to DSM IV criteria. Incidence rates were expressed in person-years, multiplied by 1000. The risk of developing dementia was calculated using Cox regression. RESULTS: Among 1370 eligible subjects, 678 were accessed, and 489 completed the evaluation. Forty-two subjects were diagnosed with dementia. The incidence rate of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) were 11.2 (95% CI: 8.0-15.1) and 8.9 (95% CI: 6.1-12.5) per 1000 person-years, respectively; there were high age-specific rates of dementia among younger individuals. There was a trend of a higher risk of developing AD for women than for men. Multivariate analysis showed that older age, the presence of diabetes and the presence of amnestic MCI increased the risk of developing dementia. CONCLUSIONS: The age-specific rates in younger individuals were expressively higher than in worldwide studies and supposedly affected by cardiovascular morbidity. The higher risk in women in a younger sample corroborated the interaction between sex and AD. The increased risk of amnestic MCI reinforced its contribution to the progression to dementia and AD.

Global Prevalence of Young-Onset Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance: Reliable prevalence estimates are lacking for young-onset dementia (YOD), in which symptoms of dementia start before the age of 65 years. Such estimates are needed for policy makers to organize appropriate health care. Objective: To determine the global prevalence of YOD. Data Sources: The PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycInfo databases were systematically searched for population-based studies on the prevalence of YOD published between January 1, 1990, and March 31, 2020. Study Selection: Studies containing data on the prevalence of dementia in individuals younger than 65 years were screened by 2 researchers for inclusion in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Prevalence estimates on 5-year age bands, from 30 to 34 years to 60 to 64 years, were extracted. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to pool prevalence estimates. Results were age standardized for the World Standard Population. Heterogeneity was assessed by subgroup analyses for sex, dementia subtype, study design, and economic status based on the World Bank classification and by meta-regression. Main Outcomes and Measures: Prevalence estimates of YOD for 5-year age bands. Results: A total of 95 unique studies were included in this systematic review, of which 74 with 2 760 379 unique patients were also included in 5-year age band meta-analyses. Studies were mostly conducted in Europe and in older groups in Asia, North America, and Oceania. Age-standardized prevalence estimates increased from 1.1 per 100 000 population in the group aged 30 to 34 years to 77.4 per 100 000 population in the group aged 60 to 64 years. This gives an overall global age-standardized prevalence of 119.0 per 100 000 population in the age range of 30 to 64 years, corresponding to 3.9 million people aged 30 to 64 years living with YOD in the world. Subgroup analyses showed prevalence between men and women to be similar (crude estimates for men, 216.5 per 100 000 population; for women, 293.1 per 100 000 population), whereas prevalence was lower in high-income countries (crude estimate, 663.9 per 100 000 population) compared with upper-middle-income (crude estimate, 1873.6 per 100 000 population) and lower-middle-income (crude estimate, 764.2 per 100 000 population) countries. Meta-regression showed that age range (P < .001), sample size (P < .001), and study methodology (P = .02) significantly influenced heterogeneity between studies. Conclusions and Relevance: This systematic review and meta-analysis found an age-standardized prevalence of YOD of 119.0 per 100 000 population, although estimates of the prevalence in low-income countries and younger age ranges remain scarce. These results should help policy makers organize sufficient health care for this subgroup of individuals with dementia. Study Registration: PROSPERO CRD42019119288.

A Simple Isoniazid-Based N-Acylhydrazone Derivative as Potential Fluorogenic Probe for Zn2+ Ions.

This study evaluated three isoniazid-based N-acylhydrazone derivatives (HL1, HL2, and HL3) varying their substituting groups (-H, -N(CH3)2, and -NO2) as potential chemosensors for Zn2+ ions. To this end, the absorption and emission properties of these derivatives were investigated in the presence of Zn2+ ions. Results point to the derivative HL2 as the best chemosensor for Zn2+ ions because of its comparatively higher sensitivity. The color of this derivative changed from colorless to strong yellow with zinc addition, as indicated by the shift in UV-vis spectrum. Moreover, HL2 was the only derivative to emit fluorescence in the presence of Zn2+ ions, attributable to PET inhibition and bond isomerization promoted by coordination with this metal. LOD, LOQ, and binding constant values for HL2 + Zn2+ were 0.43 µmol.l-1, 0.93 µmol.l-1, and 5.04 × 1012 l.mol-1, respectively. The fluorescence of HL2 with other metal ions (Fe3+, Mg2+, Na+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, and K+) was also investigated. Zn2+ yielded the best result without Cd2+ interferences. Job's Plot showed that the stoichiometric ratio of the complex formed by HL2 and Zn2+ ions is 2:1 (ligand:metal). The strip test with adsorbed HL2 indicated fluorescence in the presence of zinc ions under 365 nm UV irradiation.

Evaluation of neuropathic pain scale knowledge / Avaliação do conhecimento de escala de dor neuropática / Evaluación del conocimiento de escala de dolor neuropático

ABSTRACT Objectives: Neuropathic pain (ND) is defined as "one that results from injury or disease that directly affects the somatosensory system", differing from other types of pain in terms of symptoms, mechanisms and therapeutics, being the early diagnosis prerequisite for the appropriate management. Pain evaluation scales are very useful in clinical diagnosis. It is critical that orthopedic doctors are familiar with such tools. The objective was to evaluate whether the orthopedic physicians in Salvador know the tools of evaluation and clinical diagnosis of neuropathic pain (ND), as well as to determine which method of evaluation of ND is most used in their clinical practice. Methods: Data were analyzed from 74 orthopedic physicians working in the city of Salvador, who were interviewed from January to November 2017. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire consisting of subjective and objective questions and analyzed with SPSS 22.0 software. Results: Among the interviewed physicians, 41.9% knew some of the scales and, of these, 64.5% used in their clinical practice, being 70.3% of the total sample. The LANSS scale was used by 25.8% of the physicians in their practice as a tool to diagnose neuropathic pain, 22.6% used DN4 and 35.5% did not use any. Conclusions: The orthopedic physicians know little about the tools of evaluation and diagnosis of neuropathic pain and those with greater time of activity know less these tools than those who have less time. Many who know the tools do not use them in their clinical practice. LANSS and DN4 are the most commonly used scales. Level of Evidence III; Cross Sectional Study.

RESUMO Objetivo: A dor neuropática (DN) é definida como "aquela decorrente de lesão ou doença que afeta diretamente o sistema somatossensitivo", diferindo de outros tipos de dor em termos de sintomas, mecanismos e terapêutica, sendo o diagnóstico precoce pré-requisito para um manejo apropriado. As escalas de avaliação de dor são de grande utilidade para o diagnóstico clínico. É fundamental que os médicos ortopedistas estejam familiarizados com tais ferramentas. Avaliar se os médicos ortopedistas de Salvador conhecem as ferramentas de avaliação e diagnóstico clínico de dor neuropática (DN), bem como determinar qual o método de avaliação de DN mais utilizado em seus atendimentos. Métodos: Foram analisados os dados de 74 médicos ortopedistas atuantes na cidade de Salvador, entrevistados no período de janeiro a novembro de 2017. Os dados foram coletados através de questionário estruturado constituído por perguntas subjetivas e objetivas e analisados com o software SPSS 22.0. Resultados: Dentre os médicos entrevistados, 41,9% conhecem alguma das escalas e, destes, 64,5% utilizam em sua prática clínica, sendo 70,3% da amostra total. A LANSS foi utilizada por 25,8% dos médicos em sua prática como ferramenta para diagnosticar dor neuropática, 22,6% utilizam a DN4 e 35,5% não utilizam nenhuma. Conclusão: Os médicos ortopedistas conhecem pouco as ferramentas de avaliação e diagnóstico de dor neuropática e aqueles com maior tempo de atuação conhecem menos essas ferramentas do que os têm menor tempo. Muitos dos que conhecem as ferramentas não as usam em sua prática clínica. A LANSS e a DN4 são as escalas mais utilizadas. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo de Corte Transversal.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El dolor neuropático (DN) se define como "resultado de una lesión o enfermedad que afecta directamente al sistema somatosensible", difiriendo de otros tipos de dolor en términos de síntomas, mecanismos y terapéutica. El diagnóstico precoz es pre-requisito para un manejo apropiado. Las escalas de evaluación de dolor son de gran utilidad para el diagnóstico clínico. Es fundamental que los médicos ortopedistas estén familiarizados con tales herramientas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si los médicos ortopedistas de Salvador conocen las herramientas de evaluación y diagnóstico clínico de dolor neuropático (DN), así como determinar cuál es el método de evaluación de DN más utilizado en sus atenciones. Métodos: Se analizaron los datos de 74 médicos ortopedistas actuantes en la ciudad de Salvador, entrevistados en el período de enero a noviembre de 2017. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de un cuestionario estructurado con preguntas subjetivas y objetivas y fueron analizados con el software SPSS 22.0. Resultados: Entre los médicos entrevistados, 41,9% conocen alguna de las escalas y, de éstos, 64,5% utilizan en su práctica clínica, siendo el 70,3% de la muestra total. La LANSS fue utilizada por 25,8% de los médicos en su práctica como herramienta para diagnosticar dolor neuropático, 22,6% utilizan la DN4 y 35,5% no utilizan ninguna. Conclusiones: Los médicos ortopedistas conocen poco las herramientas de evaluación y diagnóstico de dolor neuropático y aquellos con mayor tiempo de actuación conocen menos esas herramientas que los que tienen menos tiempo. Muchos de los que conocen las herramientas no las usan en su práctica clínica. La LANSS y la DN4 son las escalas más utilizadas. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio de Cohorte Transversal.

Delirium in elderly inpatients admitted to clinical wards Prevalence and investigation of clinical conditions in a Brazilian sample.

In Brazil there is scarce data about the occurrence of delirium among hospitalized elderly patients. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of delirium among elderly patients hospitalized in clinical wards. METHODS: This cross-sectional study examined a sample of elderly inpatients admitted to three clinical wards of a general hospital between July 2011 and May 2012. The presence of delirium was detected by applying the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). Dementia diagnosis was conducted in two steps: screening and diagnosis (Cambridge Examination, CAMDEX, was applied during hospitalization at a second timepoint). Other medical diagnoses and medications in use were extracted from medical records. RESULTS: A sample of 173 elderly inpatients was examined; mean age 71.2 years (SD: 7.8; 60-92 years); 64.2% male. Thirty-one patients were diagnosed with delirium; prevalence of 17.9% (95% CI: 12.2-23.6). Delirium was directly associated with Urinary Tract Infection, Renal Failure and Dementia (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The principal findings of this study were a high prevalence of delirium and the identification of associated factors, helping to guide preventive approaches and clinical management for at-risk patients in a Brazilian sample.

No Brasil há poucos dados sobre a ocorrência de delirium entre pacientes idosos hospitalizados. OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a prevalência de delirium entre pacientes idosos hospitalizados em enfermarias clínicas. MÉTODOS: Este estudo transversal examinou uma amostra de idosos hospitalizados em enfermarias clínicas de um hospital geral, no período de julho de 2011 a maio de 2012. A identificação de delirium foi feita através da aplicação do Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). O diagnóstico de demência foi conduzido em duas etapas: rastreamento e diagnóstico (o Cambridge Examination, CAMDEX, foi aplicado durante a hospitalização em um segundo momento). Os outros diagnósticos médicos e as medicações em uso foram extraídos dos prontuários médicos. RESULTADOS: Uma amostra de 173 idosos internados foi examinada; média de idade de 71,2 anos (DP: 7.8; 60-92); 64,2% eram homens. Trinta e um pacientes foram diagnosticados com delirium; prevalência de 17,9% (IC 95%: 12,2-23,6). Delirium exibiu uma associação direta com infecção urinária, insuficiência renal e demência. (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A principal implicação deste estudo foi prover informação útil - alta prevalência de delirium e identificação de fatores associados - com o propósito de orientar abordagens preventivas e manejo clínico dirigidos a pacientes com maior risco em uma amostra brasileira.

Delirium in elderly inpatients admitted to clinical wards: prevalence and investigation of clinical conditions in a Brazilian sample / Delirium em idosos internados em enfermarias clínicas: prevalência e investigação de condições clínicas em uma amostra brasileira

ABSTRACT: In Brazil there is scarce data about the occurrence of delirium among hospitalized elderly patients. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of delirium among elderly patients hospitalized in clinical wards. Methods: This cross-sectional study examined a sample of elderly inpatients admitted to three clinical wards of a general hospital between July 2011 and May 2012. The presence of delirium was detected by applying the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). Dementia diagnosis was conducted in two steps: screening and diagnosis (Cambridge Examination, CAMDEX, was applied during hospitalization at a second timepoint). Other medical diagnoses and medications in use were extracted from medical records. Results: A sample of 173 elderly inpatients was examined; mean age 71.2 years (SD: 7.8; 60-92 years); 64.2% male. Thirty-one patients were diagnosed with delirium; prevalence of 17.9% (95% CI: 12.2-23.6). Delirium was directly associated with Urinary Tract Infection, Renal Failure and Dementia (p<0.05). Conclusion: The principal findings of this study were a high prevalence of delirium and the identification of associated factors, helping to guide preventive approaches and clinical management for at-risk patients in a Brazilian sample.

RESUMO: No Brasil há poucos dados sobre a ocorrência de delirium entre pacientes idosos hospitalizados. Objetivo: Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a prevalência de delirium entre pacientes idosos hospitalizados em enfermarias clínicas. Métodos: Este estudo transversal examinou uma amostra de idosos hospitalizados em enfermarias clínicas de um hospital geral, no período de julho de 2011 a maio de 2012. A identificação de delirium foi feita através da aplicação do Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). O diagnóstico de demência foi conduzido em duas etapas: rastreamento e diagnóstico (o Cambridge Examination, CAMDEX, foi aplicado durante a hospitalização em um segundo momento). Os outros diagnósticos médicos e as medicações em uso foram extraídos dos prontuários médicos. Resultados: Uma amostra de 173 idosos internados foi examinada; média de idade de 71,2 anos (DP: 7.8; 60-92); 64,2% eram homens. Trinta e um pacientes foram diagnosticados com delirium; prevalência de 17,9% (IC 95%: 12,2-23,6). Delirium exibiu uma associação direta com infecção urinária, insuficiência renal e demência. (p<0,05). Conclusão: A principal implicação deste estudo foi prover informação útil - alta prevalência de delirium e identificação de fatores associados - com o propósito de orientar abordagens preventivas e manejo clínico dirigidos a pacientes com maior risco em uma amostra brasileira.

As diferenças de idade e gênero entre usuários de CAPS ad e as implicações na rede de atenção / Differences in age and gender among CAPS ad users and the implications in the health care network / Las diferencias etarias y de género entre usuarios de CAPSs ad y las implicaciones en la red de atención

OBJETIVO: este estudo faz parte das atividades do Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde (PET-Saúde) e teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento clínico e sociodemográfico dos usuários dos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial, Álcool e Outras Drogas (CAPSs ad) de Florianópolis. MÉTODO: é um estudo observacional e transversal. Os dados foram coletados dos prontuários eletrônicos. RESULTADOS: a população foi composta de 1.191 usuários dos CAPSs ad Continente e Ilha. No CAPS ad Ilha, as mulheres dependentes de álcool eram mais jovens do que os homens (p=0,075) e, em ambos CAPS ad, os usuários de cocaína/crack eram mais jovens do que os de álcool (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: as diferenças etárias e de gênero têm implicações na rede de atenção.

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Cognitive and functional impairment in an older community population from Brazil: The intriguing association with frequent pain.

OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional community-based epidemiologic survey aimed to investigate the prevalence of cognitive and functional impairment (CFI) and its distribution in relation to socio-demographic and clinical factors in an older community sample in Florianópolis, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The population was a representative sample aged 60 and older; the cluster sample strategy was performed. CFI, a syndromic category that does not exclude dementia, was defined according to the combination of low MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) score and moderate/severe dependence in a scale that measured activities of daily living. The data were submitted to multiple regression analysis using the Poisson regression method. RESULTS: A sample of 1705 subjects was interviewed; the mean age was 70.6 years (60-104 years; SD: 8.0); 63.9% were female and 43.7% had up to 4 years of schooling. CFI was detected in 325 subjects, resulting in a raw prevalence of 19.2% (95% CI: 17.3-21.0). Older age, presence of diabetes, heart disease, stroke, urinary incontinence, arthritis, frequent pain and depression were significantly associated with CFI (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In addition to the diversity of factors associated with CFI, the present study indicated the need to investigate the role of frequent pain in the development and progression of cognitive impairment and dementia.

Normative data of Fuld Object Memory Evaluation test for brazilian elderly population / Dados normativos do teste Fuld Object Memory Evaluation para a população de idosos brasileiros

ABSTRACT Objective This study aims to present normative data for Fuld Object Memory Evaluation test stratified by sex, gender, age, and education for the Brazilian elderly population. Method We evaluated 2.132 healthy elderly both genders, with a mean age of 70.30 years (± 7.28) from two community-based samples in Brazil drawn from different economic areas who were screened with cognitive and functional tests and the memory test. Statistical analyses were performed by independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance and multiple linear regression. Results Statistical analyses showed that memory scores tend to improve significantly with increasing years of education and decrease significantly as age increased. Conclusion We conclude that gender, education and age had effect on the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation performance in this Brazilian community-based sample.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar dados normativos para o teste de Fuld Object Memory Evaluation estratificada por sexo, idade e educação para a população idosa brasileira. Método Foram avaliados 2.132 idosos saudáveis de ambos os sexos com idade média de 70,30 anos (± 7,28) a partir de duas amostras de base comunitária no Brasil provenientes de diferentes áreas economicas que foram selecionados com testes cognitivos e funcionais e o teste de memória. Resultados As análises estatísticas mostraram que os escores de memória tendem a melhorar significativamente com o aumento de anos de educação e diminuir significativamente o aumento da idade. Conclusão Conclui-se que gênero , escolaridade e idade tem efeito sobre o desempenho no teste Fuld Object Memory Evaluation nesta amostra da comunidade brasileira.

Normative data of Fuld Object Memory Evaluation test for brazilian elderly population.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to present normative data for Fuld Object Memory Evaluation test stratified by sex, gender, age, and education for the Brazilian elderly population. METHOD: We evaluated 2.132 healthy elderly both genders, with a mean age of 70.30 years (± 7.28) from two community-based samples in Brazil drawn from different economic areas who were screened with cognitive and functional tests and the memory test. Statistical analyses were performed by independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Statistical analyses showed that memory scores tend to improve significantly with increasing years of education and decrease significantly as age increased. CONCLUSION: We conclude that gender, education and age had effect on the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation performance in this Brazilian community-based sample.

Dementia in elderly inpatients admitted to medical wards in Brazil: diagnosis and comorbidity with other clinical diseases.

BACKGROUND: Specific comorbidities affect older patients with dementia admitted to general hospitals and may complicate the recognition of dementia. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of dementia among elderly inpatients admitted to hospital medical wards and to identify its distribution across clinical and sociodemographic conditions. METHODS: From June 2011 to May 2012, a sample of elderly inpatients (≥60 years old) were screened for dementia with the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Bayer Activities of Daily Living Scale to identify cognitive and functional impairment (CFI). Subjects with CFI underwent a diagnostic procedure for dementia using the Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition. The elderly inpatients also completed a standard questionnaire to investigate sociodemographic and clinical variables and a screening procedure for depression and delirium. The data obtained were submitted to univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The sample of 224 subjects had a mean age of 71.5 years and was mostly men (62.2%), poorly educated (≤4 years of schooling: 74.6%), and married (53.4%). CFI was observed in 84 subjects (prevalence: 37.4%; 95% confidence interval: 31.1-43.7), and dementia was observed in 31 subjects (prevalence: 17.2%; 95% confidence interval: 12.3-22.1). Dementia was related to older age and the presence of delirium, stroke, and pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CFI and dementia was high among the elderly inpatients examined. The identification of medical and sociodemographic conditions associated with a dementia diagnosis in a general hospital may be useful in the development of preventative actions.

High prevalence of dementia in a community-based survey of older people from Brazil: association with intellectual activity rather than education.

Although several surveys have been conducted around the world, few surveys have investigated the prevalence of dementia in Latin America. The aim of this study was to estimate dementia prevalence in a community sample in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, and to evaluate its distribution across several socio-demographic and clinical characteristics and habits. The population was aged 60 years and older and a representative sample from three different social regions. The screening instruments used in the first phase were the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Fuld Object-Memory Evaluation, the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly, and the Bayer Activities of Daily Living Scale. In the second phase, the Cambridge Examination was employed to diagnose dementia according to the DSM-IV criteria. The estimate of dementia prevalence was adjusted for screening instrument performance, using the positive and negative predictive values. The data were weighted to compare frequencies, considering the sampling and the non-response effect, and subjected to multivariate analysis. In all, 1.145 elderly subjects were evaluated (mean age: 70.9 years), of whom 63.4% were female and 52.8% had up to 4 years of schooling (participation rates at the first and the second phases were 62.6 and 60%, respectively). The observed and estimated prevalences of dementia were 5.9% and 12.5%, respectively (n = 68). Alzheimer's disease was the main cause (60.3%). Dementia was associated with old age, low education, stroke, absence of arthritis, and not reading books. The estimated prevalence of dementia was higher than the prevalence previously found. Associated factors confirmed the importance of intellectual activities in prevention.

Post-stroke dementia: the contribution of thalamus and basal ganglia changes.

BACKGROUND: The neurobiological basis of increased risk of dementia in stroke patients is unclear, though there are several related pathological changes, including white matter hyperintensities (WMH), and medial temporal atrophy. Subcortical gray matter structures have also been implicated in dementia resulting from vascular pathology, particularly vascular dementia. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of changes in subcortical gray matter structures to post-stroke dementia (PSD). METHODS: T1- and T2-weighted images and T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images were obtained on a 3-Tesla magnetic resonance (MR) system, in four groups aged over 75 years: post-stroke with dementia (PSD; 8), post-stroke no dementia (PSnoD; 33), Alzheimer's disease (AD; 26) and controls (30). Automated software was used to measure the volume of thalamus, putamen, caudate nucleus, and hippocampus as well as total WMH volume. The number of subcortical lacunes was also counted. RESULTS: The number of caudate lacunes was higher in the PSnoD group, compared with AD (p = 0.029) and controls (p = 0.019). The putamen volume was smaller in the stroke and AD groups, when compared with controls. In the whole stroke group, putamen lacunes were correlated with impairment in memory (Rey test; ρ = -0.365; p = 0.031), while WMH and hippocampal volume both correlated with global dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Our findings implicate a variety of neurobiological substrates of dementia, such as small vessel disease and Alzheimer pathology, which develop after stroke in an old older population, with a contribution from subcortical brain structures.

Impact of sociodemographic and health variables on mini-mental state examination in a community-based sample of older people.

The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) has been widely used as a screening instrument for cognitive disorders. Age, schooling and many other sociodemographic and health variables may be associated with a worse performance on the MMSE. The objectives of this study were to investigate the distribution of MMSE percentiles in a large Brazilian community-based elderly sample, divided according to age and schooling, and to evaluate the impact of sociodemographic and health variables on groups of elderly people with lower cognitive performance. The MMSE was applied to a sample of 2,708 adults, aged 60 years and older. Of this population, 1,563 individuals were living in the city of São Paulo, while 1,145 were living in the city of Ribeirão Preto. The subjects were divided into six groups according to the amount of schooling that they had received (no formal education, 1-4 and ≥5 years) and age (<75 and ≥75 years old). To each one of the subgroups a stepwise logistic regression was applied, considering the following dependent variable: subjects who scored under or above the 15th percentile on MMSE. High scores on a depression scale, high scores on a memory complaints scale and low socio-economic levels were associated with poorer performance on the MMSE. Being currently employed and being married were related to higher scores on the test. Many sociodemographic and health variables can influence MMSE performance, with impacts depending on age and schooling. Clinicians and primary care physicians should pay attention to variables that may be associated with worse cognitive performance.

[Save for eternity: principles of medical science in the age of Montaigne and Cervantes]. / Salvar para a eternidade: principíos de ciência médica na época de Montaigne e Cervantes.

This article approaches the medical arts at a time in which therapies are based on empirical knowledge, dictated by the fallacy of the authority ofunshakeable traditions. "Madness" and "eccentricities" perpetuated by Old School medical craftsmen are prevalent today in the strange practices of the new charlatanism, such as trunk cell technologies.

Salvar para a eternidade: princípios de ciência médica na época de Montaigne e Cervantes / Save for eternity: principles of medical science in the age of Montaigne and Cervantes

O artigo aborda as artes médicas em uma época em que as terapias se baseavam em conhecimentos empíricos, ditados pela falácia da autoridade de tradições inabaláveis. 'Loucuras' e 'excentricidades' perpetradas pelos artesãos da medicina do Antigo Regime recobram atualidade nos estranhos usos que o novo charlatanismo vem tentando fazer, como por exemplo com as técnicas das células-tronco.

This article approaches the medical arts at a time in which therapies are based on empirical knowledge, dictated by the fallacy of the authority of unshakeable traditions. "Madness" and "eccentricities" perpetuated by Old School medical craftsmen are prevalent today in the strange practices of the new charlatanism, such as trunk cell technologies.

Systematic review of dementia prevalence 1994 to 2000.

Ageing has occurred in all regions of the world, with impact on neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly dementia. However, previous meta-analysis and reviews have shown high variability in world dementia prevalence rates. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to perform a wide-ranging review of the dementia prevalence studies published in recent years. METHODS: The search was made on Medline, Lilacs and Embase databases for research conducted between 1994 and 2000. The main inclusion criteria were: use of standard diagnostic criteria and investigation of community samples. RESULTS: The final selection included 42 papers, from all continents. The mean prevalence rate of dementia in subjects aged 65 years and older, for continents, ranged from 2.2% in Africa to 8.9% in Europe, and among countries, from 1.3% in India to 14.9% in Spain. However, there was a trend of clustering of the world prevalence rates with the majority of studies reporting rates between 4.2% and 7.2% (≥65 years). Age directly influenced the rates, with a mean prevalence rate of 1.2% (95% CI: 0.8.1.5) for the 65-69 years group and 39.9% (95% CI: 34.4.45.3) for the 90-94 year group, but showing less pronounced influence in the very elderly age group. The urban samples had higher rates, where no significant gender difference was evidenced. CONCLUSION: The age influence over dementia rates apparently leveled off in the very elderly group while a trend toward similar dementia prevalence rates around the world was probably influenced by greater homogeneity in diagnostic criteria.

população idosa vem aumentando em todo o mundo, levando a um impacto nos transtornos psiquiátricos, principalmente os quadros de demência. Contudo, revisões e meta-análises prévias têm mostrado alta variabilidade nas taxas mundiais de prevalência de demência. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma ampla revisão de trabalhos recentes de prevalência de demência. MÉTODOS: O levantamento foi feito em três bases de dados, Medline, Lilacs e EMBASE, no período de 1994 a 2000. Os principais critérios de inclusão foram: uso de critérios diagnósticos padronizados e investigação de amostra comunitária. RESULTADOS: A seleção final incluiu 42 artigos, de todos os continentes. A taxa média de prevalência de demência, na idade maior ou igual a 65 anos, entre continentes, variou de 2.2% na África, até 8.9% na Europa, e entre países, de 1.3% na Índia, até 14.9% na Espanha. Contudo, a maioria dos estudos reportou taxas entre 4.2% e 7.2% (≥65 anos). A idade exerceu influência direta sobre as taxas de prevalência, com taxas médias de 1.2% na faixa etária 65-69 anos, e 39.9% na faixa etária 90-94 anos, mostrando, no entanto, um efeito menos pronunciado nos idosos muito idosos. A população de procedência urbana teve taxas significativamente maiores, e não houve diferença significativa entre os sexos. CONCLUSÃO: A influência da idade sobre as taxas de prevalência de demência diminuiu entre os idosos mais "idosos", e a tendência de resultados similares em todo o mundo provavelmente foi influenciada pela homogeneidade nos critérios diagnósticos.

Estudo epidemiológico de prevalência de demência em Ribeirão Preto / Epidemiological survey of prevalence of dementia in Ribeirão Preto

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de demência em idosos de Ribeirão Preto. A coleta dos dados foi realizada em duas fases: comunitária e hospitalar. Na primeira fase, 1.145 idosos foram entrevistados, dos quais 217 foram convocados para a segunda fase. Comprometimento cognitivo e funcional (CCF) foi diagnosticado em 217 sujeitos; a taxa de prevalência foi 18,9 por cento. “Idade alta”, “escolaridade baixa”, “AVC”, “epilepsia” e “depressão” se mostraram associadas a CCF. Demência foi diagnosticada em 69 sujeitos; a taxa de prevalência foi 6,0 por cento. “Idade alta”, “AVC”, “epilepsia” e “artrite” (esta com relação inversa) associaram-se significativamente à demência (houve uma tendência de associação entre analfabetismo e demência...

The objective of this study was to estimate prevalence of dementia in an elderly sample, in Ribeirão Preto. Data were obtained in two phases: community and hospital. 1.145 elderly persons were evaluated in first phase, and 217 in second phase. 217 subjects presented cognitive and functional impairment (CFI); prevalence rate was 18,9 per cent. “Higher age”, “low education”, “stroke”, “epilepsy” and “depression” were associated with CFI. 69 subjects presented dementia; prevalence rate was 6,0 per cent. “Higher age”, “stroke”, “epilepsy” and “arthritis” (inverse relation) were associated with dementia (illiteracy showed a tendency of association with dementia)...

Incidência de hemotransfusão na artroplastia total primária unilateral do joelho / Incidence of blood transfusion in primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty

Cento e doze joelhos de 105 pacientes foram submetidos à artroplastia total primária unilateral, utilizando-se três vias de acesso: subvasto, transquadricipital medial e transquadricipital lateral. Noventa e um pacientes (98 joelhos) tinham como doença de base a osteoartrose e 14 pacientes, artrite reumatóide. A incidên- cia de hemotransfusão nas cirurgias foi de 8 por cento. No grupo dos pacientes com osteoartrose e que não foram transfundidos, não houve diferença na variação do hematócrito devida à cirurgia, comparando-se estas variações nas três vias de acesso utilizadas. As doenças de base não exerceram influência sobre a incidência de hemotransfusão.

Tiroidite aguda / Acute thyroiditis

Os autores revisan a bibliografia atual sobre Tiroidite Aguda, que näo é extensa, dada a raridade da afecçäo, e ilustram o artigo com a apresentaçäo de dois caso, sob a forma de relato